World History Review

Vocabulary flashcards for key historical events and concepts from the 13th to the 19th centuries.

Pax Mongolica

A period of relative peace and stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of the Mali Empire in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, known for his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Ibn Battuta

A Moroccan scholar and explorer who traveled extensively across Afro-Eurasia in the 14th century.

Black Death

A devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-14th century.

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant and explorer who traveled to Asia during the 13th century and documented his experiences.

Aztec Empire

A powerful empire in Mesoamerica that expanded significantly in the 15th century, with its capital at Tenochtitlan.

Inca Empire

A large empire in South America that expanded in the 15th century, with important sites such as Cuzco and Machu Picchu.

Gutenberg's Printing Press

A revolutionary invention in the mid-15th century that enabled the mass production of printed materials.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Encomienda system

A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquistadors with the labor of particular groups of people.

Protestant Reformation

A major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church.

Mughal Empire

An empire in the Indian subcontinent founded in the early 16th century, known for its cultural achievements.

Safavid Empire

A Shia Islamic empire that ruled Persia from the 16th to 18th centuries, often in conflict with the Ottoman Empire.

Joint-stock companies

Business ventures where stock could be bought and sold by individuals, used by the Dutch and British for trade in the 17th century.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major scientific advancements during the 16th and 17th centuries that changed the way people viewed the world.

Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized reason and individualism.

Agricultural Revolution

Significant improvements in agricultural techniques that occurred in Britain during the 18th century.

Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale, which began in Britain in the 18th century.

Haitian Revolution

A successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Meiji Restoration

A political revolution in Japan in 1868 that brought about modernization and westernization.

Scramble for Africa

The invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism (1881-1914).

Social Darwinism

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Indentured servitude

A labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a fixed number of years.