A&P FINALS TXST BANTA

Homeostasis is defined as ___________

ability of the body to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions through slight modifications

What component of a negative feedback loop is responsible for detecting some sort of change that has taken the
body out of homeostasis (away from normal values)?

The receptor detects the deviation

What organ is most likely to be the control center in a negative feedback loop?

The brain

When two or more atoms bond by sharing electrons, the resulting combination is called a/an ___________

Covalent bond

The bond that forms from the attraction between a cation and an anion is called a/an _

Ionic bond

An atom that gives up electrons becomes a/an ___________

Cation

_______ is a passive process in which there is net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A cation is a positively charged ion that results from the loses of electrons, while an anion is a negatively charged ion formed by the gain of electrons.

What will happen to a normal red blood cell that is placed into pure water?

The red blood cell will swell and maybe burst open

In a negative feedback system, the effector will create a response that does what? (hint – this question is asking in a general sense – not using a specific example)

causes a response that returns the condition back to normal levels / counteract

Proteins are synthesized (made) by combining ________ into one or more chains

Amino acids (aka peptides)

Which of the following lists the structural organization of the body in order of increasing complexity? (hint - know all the levels of complexity from simplest to most complex in order so that you can pick out the right list from the given
choices)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal level

What molecule is the most abundant (common) in a typical cell membrane?

Phospholipid

The natural movement of particles from an area where they are in high concentration to an area where they are in low concentration is called __________________.

Diffusion

The family of organic molecules (biomolecules) that has the greatest variety of functions is __________

Proteins

Immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue are called ____________

Fibroblasts.

Ouch, you just stepped on a sticker burr with your bare feet. The sticker would pierce the epidermal layers of the
sole of your foot in which order?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

Which type of protein fibers found in connective tissue are straight, unbranched, strong, and stretch resistant?

Collagen fibers

The living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells and thus make hair grow are called the ____________

Hair matrix cells in bulb

Which region of the integumentary system would be likely to contain a large amount of fat/adipose tissue?

Hypodermis / subcutaneous layer

What is the name for the scientific study of tissues?

Histology

Name the four types of tissues found in the human body

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

How do nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that form epithelial tissue?

from connective tissue through diffusion from underlying layers.

The reticular lamina of a basement membrane is produced by ________________ cells, while the basal lamina of the basement membrane is produced by ___________________ cells

connective tissue ,epithelial

Glands, such as the thyroid gland, that secrete their products directly into the extracellular fluid and blood rather than through central ducts are classified as _____________________

Endocrine glands

How are synovial membranes different from all the other types of membranes?

only have connective tissue and online line joint cavities

Which type of epidermal cell is responsible for producing pigmentation in the skin?

Melanocytes

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of ________ and _________

fibers(protein) and ground substance(fluid)

____________________ is the protein found in large amounts in the superficial layers of the epidermis

Keratin

Goblet cells produce and secrete _________

mucus for lubrication, moisture and protection

What structure makes up the basic framework of spongy bone?

Trabecular

What is the primary difference between embryonic and adult skeletons?

embryonic skeletons are mostly composed of cartilage, while adult skeletons are made primarily of bone.

The terms dorsiflexion and plantar flexion pertain to movements made by which body part?

Ankle joint

If calcium levels in the body are too low, receptors in the blood detect this and send a signal to the ______________ which increases production of _____________

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone(PTH)

Which of the following types of joints allows the greatest range of motion? (choose one from a list)

Ball-and-socket joints.

What is found inside the lacunae in both compact and spongy bone?

osteocytes

Where is red bone marrow found?

in spongy bone especially in large flat and irregular bones like hip bones and sternum

Why are older women (post-menopause) more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (pre-
menopause)?

menopause stops estrogen production, which promotes osteoblast activity/growth

If a person is Vitamin D deficient, bones do not harden the way they are supposed to and can become rubbery and deformed, a medical condition known as ____________

rickets

The ability to swing your arm around in big circles is possible because of the ________ joint found at the shoulder

ball-and-socket

In compact bone, progressively larger layered structures that make up osteons are collectively (together) called _________

lamellae

Which cell type is capable of producing ground substance and collagen fibers in the matrix of bone tissue?

Osteoblasts

Synovial fluid is produced by which structure in a synovial joint?

The synovial membrane

The inner most layer of the articular capsule of a synovial joint is called the ______

Synovial membrane

A neuron has a resting membrane potential of ______________ (hint - value on a voltmeter)

-70 millivolts.

Very fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron is made possible by the presence of ________. (hint - name the structure

myelin sheath

In a neuron, the entry of _________________ ions into the axon terminal stimulates vesicles containing
neurotransmitter to move to the membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft.

calcium

The structure on a neuron that carries stimuli towards the cell body is called a/an _____

dendrite

Assume a neuron has depolarized to threshold and an action potential begins. What is the first type of channel that opens during the initiation of an action potential?

Many Na+ channels open

A cluster/group of neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is called a ____________

ganglion

Schwann cells have the same function as what other type of neuroglia?

oligodendrocytes

During an action potential, a neuron _________________ when K+ ions begin to leave the inside of the cell. (Hint:
describe the type of change in the membrane potential

repolarizes

The point at which one neuron communicates with a second neuron is called the __________

synapse

Neurons are excitable cells. What does that mean?

change membrane potential when adequately stimulated, they can generate and propagate electrical signals.

Consider a neuron in the middle of undergoing an action potential, immediately after the membrane potential has hit its peak (most positive) voltage, which type of voltage-gated channels now begin to open?

K+ channels open

At what point is ATP required during an action potential in a neuron?

ATP is required to fuel Na +/K+ pumps that restore equilibrium after an AP is generated

What two types of stimuli can be used to open or closed gated ion channels?

chemical and voltage/electrical

What is the function of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

break down and deactivate monoamine

Nervous tissue is composed primarily of neurons and _______ cells

glial cells

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

regulate coordinated motor control, balance, and posture

The middle layer of the meninges is called the _______

arachnoid

Control of various activities in the body by the cerebrum is contralateral. What does this mean?

right side of brain deals with left side of body and vice versa

Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle of the brain into the central canal of the spinal cord. True or False?

True

What does adrenergic transmission mean?

SNS postganglionic neurons release NE at their effector

Sometimes when you are afraid or very nervous, the palms of your hands become sweaty. What part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating sweat glands to make and release more sweat?

The sympathetic nervous system

In a reflex arc, where would you find the integration center, the site where the sensory neuron and motor neuron synapse?

in the spinal cord (gray matter)

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system innervate the heart. Release of __________ makes the heart beat faster and stronger, while release of ___________ makes the heart beat more slowly. (hint – name the neurotransmitters

(NE) norepinephrine; (ACh) acetylcholine.

The subdural space lies between what two layers of the meninges?

the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

What two structures in the brain are known for producing hormones?

the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

What is the primary function of the thalamus?

relay station for sensory info. going to cerebrum

What types of emotions does the limbic system regulate?

primal emotions such as fear, anger, sex drive, pleasure, smell and taste

From the list of activities below, which of these would occur if the parasympathetic nervous system had been activated? (hint: compare and contrast the activities of the SNS and PSNS)

decrease heart rate, constrict bronchioles, dilate blood vessels to most organs, digestion stimulates, pupils constricts

The largest region of the brain is the ___________

cerebrum

In the autonomic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in order to stimulate action potentials in postganglionic neurons?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A small percentage of the neurons leaving the eyes through the optic nerve wind up in the corpora quadrigemina. What information is processed there?

control eye and head/body movement (where is it)

Hormones that work as transcription factors target what structure inside a target cell?

binds to receptor then to DNA

Receptors in the blood that monitor pH belong to the family of receptors known as _________

chemoreceptors

The photoreceptor that provides good black and white vision even in low light situations is called a _______

rods

Considering the concept of top-down control in endocrinology, what structure in the brain represents the highest level of control (starts the chain of endocrine effects)?

hypothalamus

Slow pain can be felt in internal organs, often near the surface of the skin near or even far from the actual location of the organ. This ability to perceive slow pain deep in the body near the surface is called ________

referred pain

Most of the neurons leaving the eyes through the optic nerve wind up in the cerebrum. What information is processed there?

Vision, visual info

When the hypothalamus begins releasing thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), the _________ responds by releasing _________

pituitary gland; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Receptors in the blood detect that glucose levels in the blood are too high, and this triggers the pancreas to produce and release more of the hormone insulin. Insulin causes body cells to remove glucose from the blood. This scenario is an example of which type of stimulus that "turns on" an endocrine gland (in this case - the pancreas)?

Humoral stimulus

What happens when movement of fluid in the cochlea bends the stereocilia in hair cells?

initiates action potentials in 1st order neurons

Hair cells in the ear that respond to sound waves belong to the family of receptors known as______

mechanoreceptors

What is meant by the term “tropic effect” in relation to hormonal control?

hormones from one endocrine gland stimulate release of hormones from
another gland

Would a water-soluble or lipid soluble hormone travel through the blood easily alone, without an escort ?

water-soluble hormones

Would a water-soluble or lipid soluble hormone have a long half-life (typically minutes to hours) ?

lipid soluble hormones

Structures in the inner ear is responsible for providing information to the brain about equilibrium and ______

balance

Why do we refer to skeletal muscle "cells" as fibers?

Fibers are very long and have a striped (striated) appearance

What is the name of the protein found in the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers that helps carry and distribute oxygen efficiently to all parts of the fiber?

Myoglobin

A characteristic of muscle tissue is that it is elastic. What does that mean?

ability of stretched cells to recoil back to normal length

A feature unique to muscle tissue is its ability to convert chemical energy in the molecule ATP into _________ (hint – another type of energy)

mechanical energy

Which muscle type(s) is/are not striated?

smooth muscle

A terminal cistern is an enlarged region at the end of a section of ______

the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

What would happen if the structural protein dystrophin was missing from a muscle fiber?

would be weak and the tension during muscle contraction wouldn't happen, Causing the muscle to just group up while relaxed.

Which of the following describes a triad correctly?

TC – T-tubule – TC

What is the name of the connective tissue layer that wraps around an entire muscle (e.g. the deltoid muscle)?

Epimysium

What is the basic functional unit of a skeletal muscle myofibril called?

A sarcomere

_____________ are rod-like bundles of proteins that fill the center of a skeletal muscle fiber

Myofibrils