bio 211 chp 19 respiratory system
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198 Terms
Q: What are the three major functions of the respiratory system?
A: Filter/warm/moisten incoming air, provide oxygen to the body, and remove carbon dioxide.
Q: Why is oxygen important to body cells?
A: It is required for aerobic cellular respiration and ATP production.
Q: Why must carbon dioxide be removed from the body?
A: It can form carbonic acid and affect blood pH.
Q: What structures make up the upper respiratory tract?
A: Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
Q: What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?
A: Trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.
Q: What is the function of the nose?
A: Air entry and initial filtration.
Q: What is the function of the nasal cavity?
A: Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air.
Q: What is the function of the sinuses?
A: Reduce skull weight and act as resonating chambers.
Q: What is the function of the pharynx?
A: Passageway for food and air.
Q: What is the function of the larynx?
A: Air passage, voice production, and airway protection.
Q: What is the function of the trachea?
A: Conducts air to the bronchi.
Q: What is the function of the bronchial tree?
A: Conducts air to alveoli.
Q: What is the primary function of the lungs?
A: Gas exchange.
Q: What is inspiration?
A: Movement of air into the lungs.
Q: What muscles are used during quiet inspiration?
A: Diaphragm and external intercostals.
Q: What happens to thoracic cavity volume during inspiration?
A: It increases.
Q: What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
A: It decreases below atmospheric pressure.
Q: What is expiration?
A: Movement of air out of the lungs.
Q: Is normal expiration active or passive?
A: Passive.
Q: What causes normal expiration?
A: Elastic recoil and alveolar surface tension.
Q: What muscles are used during forced expiration?
A: Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
Q: What is tidal volume (TV)?
A: Air moved during one normal breath (500 mL).
Q: What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
A: Extra air inhaled after normal inspiration (3000 mL).
Q: What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
A: Extra air exhaled after normal expiration (1100 mL).
Q: What is residual volume (RV)?
A: Air remaining after maximal expiration (1200 mL).
Q: Formula for vital capacity (VC)?
A: TV + IRV + ERV.
Q: Formula for inspiratory capacity (IC)?
A: TV + IRV.
Q: Formula for functional residual capacity (FRC)?
A: ERV + RV.
Q: Formula for total lung capacity (TLC)?
A: VC + RV.
Q: Which respiratory volume cannot be measured with a spirometer?
A: Residual volume (RV).
Q: What is minute ventilation (MRV)?
A: Volume of air entering respiratory passages each minute.
Q: Formula for minute ventilation?
A: MRV = TV × RR.
Q: What is alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?
A: Volume of air reaching alveoli each minute.
Q: Formula for AVR?
A: AVR = RR × (TV − Physiologic Dead Space).
Q: What is the normal physiologic dead space?
A: About 150 mL.
Q: Calculate AVR if TV = 500 mL and RR = 12 breaths/min.
A: 12 × (500 − 150) = 4200 mL/min.
Q: What is coughing?
A: A reflex that clears the lower respiratory tract.
Q: What is sneezing?
A: A reflex that clears the upper respiratory tract.
Q: What causes hiccups?
A: Spasmodic diaphragm contractions with a closed glottis.
Q: What is the function of yawning?
A: No established function.