Random geo

main points + definision

Birth rate

Number of births per 1,000 people per year

Death rate

Number of death per 1,000 people per year

Population growth rate - percentage

(BR-DR)+(IR-ER)

PGR low in MEDC, high in LEDC?

In MEDC;

• better edu = more working women

• have career = marry later = have children later

• view children as financial burden = less children

• have availability of contraception

In LEDC:

• less edu = marry early = more children

• little availability of contraception

• high infant mortality rate = so need replace back babies

• population policies

• cultural / religious reasons = view bigger family have more superiority

PGR HIGH

• agricultural revolution = higher food supply

• industrial revolution = more job + better technology

• country become wealthier = can support more people =BR increase

• better medical care = clean water = better sanitation = DR decrease

Overpopulation

too many people to be supported to a good standard of living by resources available in country

Underpopulation

country has too few people to use it’s resources efficiently

Overpopulation

• shortage of sch + hospital + house

• not enough clean drinking water / electricity

• traffic congestion

• increase air/water/sound pollution

• cause unemployment = not enough job for everyone

cuz large strain on resources

Underpopulation

• shortage of labour

• sch + hospital + public transport may close down

• less innovation + development

• not making full use of resources

• need import goods + services = more exp

• hard to defend country

• need attract immigrants

Optimum population

enough resources in a country for the number of inhabitants for everyone to have a good standard of living

Natural increase

when BR exceeds DR

Immigration rate

Number of immigrants per 1,000 people per year (come)

Emigration rate

Number of emigrants per 1,000 people per year (go out)

Population growth in LEDC is increasing

• higher BR and fertility rate

• longer life expectancy

• lower DR

High BR

• infant mortality rate high = replace baby

• religion forbit use of contraception

• big fam = higher status + importance

• children need work , look after parents

• women lack edu

high life expectancy

• better quality healthcare from MEDC

• high tech and equipment + sanitation

• less spread of disease - clean water

• more food supply = less level of hunger + malnutrition low

DR fall

• improved healthcare + tec + med from MEDC

• clean + safe water

• better diet - improve farming technique form MEDC

All these lead to better living condition + few disease

= people live longer + less DR

• social , political ,economical, cultural/religious factor

MEDC expect low population growth

• low BR+ fertility rate

• high lifr expectancy

• DR high (greater population in old age / specific reason such as alcohol?…)

Population polities

all measure taken by gov aim to influence population size , growth , distribution

Pro natalist policy

= increase population size - promote larger fam , encourage immigration

• give benefit for each children

• increase days for maternity leave

• give longer payment for maternity leave

• provide all day childcare

• increase retirement age

• subsidize childcare

Anti - natalist policy

= decrease population size - discourage birth, promote smaller families

• cuz put strain of resources , larger dependent population, exp

• provide fam planning

• improve healthcare

• introduce to law

• provide contraception

• give incentive / priority for big fam

• advertise

Type of migration

• Internal migration (within country)

• International (between country)

• Voluntary (economic migrants)

• Involuntary (refugees)

• temporary

• permanent

Push factor

Force people to leave their own country

Pull factor

Attract people to new country

Internal migration

• rural to urban , urban to urban , urban to rural

• more movement cuz within country

• lower cost = search for employment

• better standard of living

Involuntary migration

• war, conflict

• environmental catastrophic

• religious persecution

Factor for migration

• better living standard

• job opportunity

• better well paying job

• less crime

• better healthcare

population pyramid

show the population structure of an area or country in term of age and sex ration

3 main age group

• young dependent

• economically active

• old dependent

Dependent population

population below 15 and above 64 that don’t work

Dependency ratio = percentage

measure number of working people compare with number of people dependent upon them

Demographic Transition model

• show population change

• summarise 5 stage a country goes when develop

• predict short and long term population change

• link country development

- migration

-fluctuation cause by natural disaster

-don’t take into account that some country now have declining population

-some LEDC dont follow this pattern

Population density

Number of people per km square

Densely populated

Area with high number of people per km square

Sparsely Populated

area with less number of people per km square

Population density

number pf people over land area

Factor that lead to low population density

• infertile soil

• marshy land

• extreme climate

• steep relief

• high crime rate

• unstable government

• limited job

Factor that lead to high population density

• flat land

• good communication

• natural resources

• fertile land

• flat land

• relief water source

• low crime

• job opportunity

type of map = represent wtv density

• choropleth map

• dot map

type of crust

• oceanic crust (heavier = sink, denser , newer , can be renewed + destroyed)

• continental crust (can’t sink , less dense , can’t be renewed + destroyed)

Convection currents

plate sit on mantle that move = got uneven heat = hotter part make rock become lighter + rise = so got movement = convection currents = drag plates on them

Plate boundary

where 2 plate meet

Type of plate boundary

• Divergent (tension) = make new crust , earthquake , volcano

• Convergent (compression) = earthquake , fold mountain

• Slide past (shearing) = earthquake

Convergent / destructive plate margin = Compression

• fold mountain

• ocean trench

• stratovolcano-

-Himalayas, Marina trench

Constructive / Divergent = shearing

• make new crust

• ocean ridge

• volcano

- peru- chile trench

Transform / conservative margin = shearing

• no formation

• earthquake

Hot spots

an area on earth mantle where magma is hotter than its surroundings

type of volcano (diverging + convergent plate boundary)

• stratovolcano (destructive PM , steep , violent , acid lava + ash , erupt less frequent, tall) (mount fuji)

• shield volcano (constructive PM, gentle , non - violent , pyroclastic flow, thin lava , more frequent, short , oval shape) (Mount Kea)

formation of volcano

when earth temp exceed volcano MP = gas produce = magma rise cuz less dense then solid rock = the dissolve gas within magma bubble escape = runny lave in gas expand = thick viscous magma gas explode = violent eruption = spray lava = lava cool = pyroclastic flow = volcano

Parts of volcano

• crater

• caldera

• parasitic cone / secondary vent

• lava dome

• magma chamber

• main vent

• alternative ash and lava layer

Cause of volcano

• tsunami

• pyroclastic flow

• lateral blast

• mudflow

• volcanic gas + ash

• lava flow

• post - eruption famine + disease

How to prep for volcano eruption

• predict (when next eruption , know where volcano is)(seismometer , tiltmeter , ultrasound , laser)

• prepare (educate public + prep emergency service)

• protect (reduce impact + severity of eruption)

way to protect

• lava diversion

• mudflow barriers

• building design

• volcanic monitoring

• remote sensering

• hazard maping

• better forecast

• better warning

• plan emergency procedure

• earthquake drills

opportunity of volcano

• geothermal power

• fertile soil

• creation of new land

• tourism

• mining

type of volcano

• active volcano - has erupted recently/currently erupt

• dormant volcano - has not erupted for a while but will erupt

• extinct volcano - won’t erupt anymore

Earthquake

when plate move and get stuck = strain energy + pressure is build up = plate break free and jolt back to it’s original position = energy is release = cause seismic waves though earth crust

cause of earthquake

• nuclear testing

• building dam

• drilling

• mining

tsunami

when earthquake is on ocean crust = same process = seismic waves produce = water moves faster and higher = as wave break onto coast = it increase in size and heigh = tsunami

building for earthquake zone

• overlapping brick

• deep foundation

• varied height

• wide base

• pipe line with rollers

measure earthquake

• Richter scale (based on magnitude)

• Mercalli Scale (measure how much damage by observation)

-depending on :time of day , emergency services , size of E , education , physical landscape

-amount of damage depend on :amount of energy ,depth of focus, population density, structure of building, type of bedrock

weather element

• temperature = thermometer , six’s thermometer / max min thermometer (measure in shade)

• precipitation = rain gauge (partially buried in ground)

• sunshine = sunshine recorder

• humidity = hygrometer , wet and dry bulb thermometer (muslin cloth)

• air pressure (barometer)

• wind speed (anemometer)

• wind direction (wind vane)

• cloud type + cover (quadrant) (cirrus ,stratus, cumulus)

Stevenson Screen

• have max + min thermometer , hygrometer, rain gauge, anemometer

• painted white = reduce absorption + heat from sun

• raised on pole = reduce radiation

• have louvers = allow free flow of air

• away from building = block air / radiate heat

digital instrument

• get faster readings

• finer readings

• can obtain quicker

• total / average can be calculated

• more accurate

Climate

Average of the weather for past 20-30 years

Hot dessert

• near tropic of cancer + capricorn

• sahara dessert , great australian dessert

• hot summer , warm winter

• very hot during day , very cold at night

• high annual temp + sunshine total

hottest month

one month after sun at it’s highest point = heat take time to build up from ground

hottest where?

Latitude

• hotter at Equator = cuz sun ray directly above , near pole = spread over larger area

• earth tilt = season

Altitude

• A increase = temp decrease = less particle to absorb sun ray = colder

Distance from sea

• coastal (mild winter + cool summer )

• inland (colder winter + warmer summer)

Ocean currents

• cold / warm

Cloud Cover

• if less CC = less cloud = less condensation + wv = low relative humidity

Aspect

• Northern H (north face = cold = away from sun)

• Southern H (south face = warm = face towards sun)

dry

Air pressure

Cold ocean currents

• if got COC = got condensation = fog = less moisture = less cloud = less rain = dry

Relief

• if high ground = occasional rain

Temperature

Ecosystem

community of plants , animals , micro-organism linked by energy and nutrients flow and interact with each other with physical environment

Soil in dessert

• rocky/sandy (water pass quickly)

• porous (water pass quickly after rain)

• mobile (plants easily covered)

• loose (plants can easily be uprooted)

• thing (organism can decompose into it)

• grey (contain salt from rain = only salt-tolerance plant can grow)

seed in dessert

lay dormant for years = fruit/flower grow quickly after rain

Joshua tree

• grow tall

• thick bark prevent transpiration from high temp + water loss

• small leaf to reduce water loss

camel

• long + bushy eyelash prevent sand going in eye

• stomach that can store 500 pits of water

• fat store in hump = can produce water

• long feet to avoid radiation from ground

Tropical rainforest

• 26-27 degree

• annual /high rainfall = rapid evaporation = high humidity = low air pressure

• water recycled so root take up plant

• forest soil prevent it from washing away/ eroded

soil

• get nutrients from humus= decompose plant/animal from hot + humid condition

• nutrients deprived + infertile so washed away from rainfall

layers

emerging (full of sunlight , most rain + wind)

main canopy (lians)(main layer , most animal)

under canopy ((little sunshine little plant)

ground floor (shrubs) (dark, little sunlight , decomposers)

Plat adaptation

Buttress root

• root above ground = can absorb oxygen + ensure stable

• adapted to nutrient deprived cuz of waterlogged soil

Lians

• adapted to dark, grow in ground but climb and wrap on tree to get sunlight

• have excess to nutrients on forest floor in cnopy

Animal adaptation

Physical

• long limbs to climb in forest

• strong claws , sticky legs

Poison + venum

• protect themselves from predator

• kill / paralyse

Leaf

• have drip-tip to leaf can bend when rain = allow excess rainfall

• flexible stem = move for light

Camouflage

• hide from predator /blend in

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Measure total value of country G+S produced in a year /in total population

• don’t take into account subsistence farmers / informal economy

• measure standard of living

Other measure = HDI (human development index)

Got more than one variable :standard of living + quality of life

indicator may be limited cuz focus on certain aspect of development : BR/life expectancy/literacy rate

Development

when country have better standard of living + higher quality of life

• country become more advance in economy, infrastructure and well-bring of citizen

Inequality

• physical factor

• political factor

• social factor

• residence

• ethnicy

Sectors of employment

Primary - collect raw product

Secondary - process/ manufacture raw material

Tertiary - provide services

Quaternary - research and development

Employment structure

The amount each country will have different percentage of people employed in each industrial sector

Globalisation

The process in which the world is becoming increasingly more interconnected

Globalisation Cause

• improve transport = travel easy = trade more = more job opportunity

• containerisation = decrease cost of transport = trade cheaper + more efficient

• improve tech = easy communication = share news fast

• growth multicultural country

• decrease barrier to world trade

• increase economic power of major trading block

• increase influence of TNC

• increase level of international migration

• increase level of outsourcing low - wage economy

• increase level of international tourism

Arable farming

Cultivate crop not livestock

Pastoral Farming

Keep livestock and rear animal

Subsistence farming

Small scale and labour insentive

no tech input usually consumed by family

Commercial Farming

Aim to sell everything and maximise yeild to achieve highest profit

Intensive farming

Small area farming with high input of land and high output of yeild of land