Health Science Theory Semester Exam Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards based on the Health Science Theory Semester Exam Study Guide Spring 2024, covering topics from emergency care to medical math and anatomy.

Describe the steps in treating an amputation injury.

1. Make sure scene is safe 2. Call 911 3. Get first aid kit; put on personal protection equipment 4. Stop the bleeding from the injured area with direct pressure. 5. Check for signs of shock and treat as appropriate 6. Stay with victim until trained help takes over 7. Care of the amputated part : a. Rinse the part with clean water b. Cover or wrap the amputated part with a clean dressing c. Place the part in a water-tight plastic bag d. Place the plastic bag on ice e. Label with victim’s name and be sure sent to hospital with victim

Describe the steps in treating a broken bone injury.

1. Make sure scene is safe 2. Get first aid kit and put on personal protection equipment, as needed 3. Check for signs of stroke 4. Don’t try to straighten or move any injured part that is bent, deformed, or possibly broken (such as an arm, leg, or finger) 5. Cover any open wound with a clean dressing 6. Put a plastic bag filled with ice on the injured area with a towel between the ice bag and the skin for up to 20 minutes 7. Raise the injured body part if doing so does not cause the victim more pain 8. Phone 11 if : -There is a large open wound -The injured part is abnormally bent -You’re not sure what to do 9. If it is painful, the victim should avoid using an injured body part until checked by a doctor

Describe the steps in treating a knocked-out tooth injury.

1. Make sure scene is safe 2. Call 911 and get first aid kit; put on personal protection equipment 3. Check the victim’s mouth for any missing teeth, loose teeth, or parts of teeth 4. If a tooth is loose : -Have the victim bite down on a piece of gauze to keep the tooth in place -Call the victim’s dentist 5. If a tooth is chipped : -Gently clean the injured area and the call the victim’s dentist 6. If a tooth was knocked out : -Rinse the tooth in water, and put in a cup of milk -Apply pressure to empty tooth socket with gauze to stop bleeding -Immediately take the victim and the tooth to a dentist or emergency room 7. Tell the victim to talk to a dentist if the tooth changes color after an injury

What should you do with a knocked-out tooth?

Rinse the tooth in water and put it in a cup of milk.

What should you NOT do when handling a knocked-out tooth?

Do NOT hold the tooth by the root and do NOT try to put it back in place.

Describe how to treat minor cuts and scrapes.

1. Make sure scene is safe 2. Get first aid kit and put on personal protection equipment 3. Wash the wound well with soap and water, if available 4. Stop the bleeding with direct pressure -Use palm of hand or flat fingers to apply direct pressure to wound with a clean, dry dressing 5. May apply an antibiotic ointment 6. Apply a dressing or bandage to the wound

Describe how to treat major cuts.

1. Make sure scene is safe 2. Get first aid kit; put on personal protection equipment, if available 3. Use palm of hand or flat fingers to apply direct pressure to wound with a clean, dry dressing 4. If bleeding doesn’t stop: apply a second dressing over the first and continue to apply pressure. Elevate wound above level of heart, if possible 5. If bleeding still doesn’t stop: call 911 and stay with victim 6. Check for signs of shock and treat, if present

What is the number one cause of preventable death from trauma?

Losing too much blood (bleeding out).

Describe how to treat torso junctional wounds.

Pack (stuff) the wound with bleeding control gauze , plain gauze, or a clean cloth and then apply pressure with both hands. 1. Open the clothing over the bleeding wound 2. Wipe away any pooled blood 3. Pack (stuff) the wound with bleeding control gauze , plain gauze, or clean cloth. 4. Apply steady pressure with both hands directly on top of the bleeding wound 5. Push down as hard as you can 6. Hold pressure to stop bleeding. Continue pressure until relieved by trained help.

Describe the best way to treat frostbite.

1. Move the victim to a warm place 2. Call 911 and get the first aid kit 3. Remove tight clothing and jewelry from the frostbitten part 4. Remove any wet clothing 5. Do not try to thaw the frozen part if you are close to a medical facility or if you think there may be a chance of refreezing 6. If no medical help available, slowly rewarm in lukewarm water. Do NOT rub or massage the frostbite.

What is the best way to treat a nosebleed?

Pinch the victim’s nostrils together while the victim sits and leans forward. Hold constant pressure for several minutes. If bleeding continues, press harder. Call 911 if you can’t stop the bleeding in 15 minutes, the bleeding is heavy or gushing or if the victim has trouble breathing.

Name things that can cause an allergic reaction.

Insect stings, spider bites, snake bites, chocolate, eggs, peanuts, and some medications.

Describe the use of a tourniquet.

Wrap the tourniquet around the bleeding arm or leg about 2 to 3 inches above the bleeding site, pull it tight, twist the windlass until bleeding stops, secure the windlass, and note the time applied. Do not place the tourniquet onto a joint – go above the joint if necessary.

Describe the signs of life-threatening bleeding.

Blood spurting out of the wound, blood that won’t stop coming out, blood pooling on the ground, clothing soaked with blood, bandages soaked with blood, loss of all or part of an arm or leg, bleeding in a victim who is confused or unconscious.

Describe how to use an EpiPen.

Remove cap, grasp with fist, press tip hard against the side of the victim’s thigh, leave in place for several seconds, rub injection site.

What things should you consider when assessing a scene?

Dangers to you or the victim, bystanders that can help, nearest phone, how many victims, what happened (type of injuries), and location.

What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration?

Weakness, thirst, dry mouth, dizziness, confusion, less urination than usual.

What are the signs of heat exhaustion and actions to take?

Move the victim to a cool or shady area, loosen clothing, encourage the victim to drink water, sponge or spray cool water, and call 911 immediately for signs of stroke.

What are the signs and symptoms of heat stroke?

Confusion, passing out or dizziness, seizures, nausea or vomiting, muscle cramps, feeling faint or fatigued.

What actions should you take for heat stroke?

Phone 911, move the person from the hot environment, remove excess clothing, cool the person with water, and provide CPR/AED if needed.

What are the signs and symptoms of a heart attack?

Chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in jaw/back/neck/arms, sweating, nausea, dizziness.

What actions should you take for a heart attack?

Have the victim sit quietly, call 911 and get AED, and be ready to start CPR.

What are the signs and symptoms of shock?

Weakness, faintness, dizziness, acts restless/agitated/confused, pale/grayish skin, cold and clammy skin.

What actions should you take for shock?

Help the victim lie on her back, raise the legs (if no injury), stop any bleeding, and cover the victim to keep her warm.

What are the signs and symptoms of stroke?

Sudden numbness/weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, trouble seeing, trouble walking, severe headache.

What actions should you take for suspected stroke?

Make sure scene is safe and call 911, if the victim is unresponsive start CPR

What are the signs and symptoms of seizures?

Loss of muscle control, jerking movements, falls to the ground, unresponsive.

What actions should you take if someone is having a seizure?

Protect the victim from injury, call 911, check for breathing after the seizure, roll victim onto his side (if no spinal injury), and stay with the victim.

What is the ratio of compressions to breaths for adult CPR?

30 compressions and 2 breaths.

When is 911 called if alone with an unresponsive child, and you have no phone?

After 5 complete cycles of compressions and breaths.

What happens if the 1st breath given does not go in for an unresponsive victim?

Reposition the head by doing the head tilt, chin lift maneuver again.

Describe the steps you would take of a conscious 10 year-old choking victim.

Stand firmly or kneel behind the person, wrap your arms around the person’s waist, make a fist and give quick upward thrusts into the abdomen until the object is dislodged.

What is the best way to check if your breath goes in to an unresponsive victim?

Watch for chest rise.

What are the steps in order of adult CPR?

Check for responsiveness, shout for help/call 911/get AED, check for breathing, compressions and breaths 30:2, continue until help/AED arrives, turn on AED, attach pads, follow AED directions.

Define durable power of attorney.

Document that grants another person the authority to make legal decisions for you.

Define scope of practice.

Includes all of the skills that he/she is trained for and allowed to use.

Define Standard of care.

Is defined as reasonable and prudent care that a practitioner of similar qualifications would have performed in the same or similar situation.

Define malpractice.

Is any misconduct or lack of skill that results in patient injury.

Define biotechnology.

The use of biology to solve problems and make useful products.

Define biopharmaceuticals.

Is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semi synthesized from biological sources.

Define Electronic health record (EHR).

Is the patient’s complete health record.

Define Electronic Medical Record (EMR).

Contains information from a single medical practice or even a single visit.

What are the Good Samaritan Laws?

Protect people from legal action after they have given free emergency medical aid while using reasonable care.

Describe telemedicine and its benefits.

Uses video, audio, and computer systems to provide healthcare services. Patients can receive care from doctors or specialists far away without having to travel. Telemedicine can ensure remote drug administration oversight.

Define abuse.

Is any action that results in physical or mental harm.

Define libel.

Written defamation.

Define slander.

Verbal defamation.

Define informed consent.

When a doctor makes a diagnosis and recommends a specific treatment, the patient decides whether to accept.

Define arbitration.

Is a method of resolving disputes outside the courtroom.

Define guardian.

A person appointed by a court to make decisions to protect the interests of a patient who is mentally or physically incapacitated.

Define patient bill of rights.

Is a list of guarantees for those receiving medical care.

What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)?

Established national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information.

List examples of synovial joints.

Freely moving joints; most common type of joint. Ex - ball-and-socket joint. (hip and shoulder) They contain a capsule lined with lubricant-secreting synovial membrane.

Define ligament.

Hold bones together; composed of strong bands of connective tissue.

Define tendon.

Attaches muscle to bone and is anchored down by the periosteum.

Define fascia.

Muscle is wrapped in fascia that tapers to form a tendon.

Name the 3 sections of vertebra and how many of each.

Cervical: In the neck region; numbered C1 through C7. Thoracic: In the chest region; numbered T1 through T12. Lumbar: In the small of the back; numbered L1 through L5.

Name the two bones of of the jaw and which is the movable.

Maxilla is upper jaw-non moveable. Mandible is the lower jaw and it is moveable.

Describe compact bone.

Hard exterior of the bone; found in the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Describe spongy bone.

Found inside the bone, has spaces containing red bone marrow, found in some parts of all bones.

Describe bone marrow and where it is found.

In the bones produces blood cells.

Describe kyphosis.

Abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback.

Describe scoliosis.

Lateral curve of spine.

Describe lordosis.

Abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback.

Describe cardiac muscle.

Cardiac muscle is also called myocardium. Makes up the walls of the heart. Involuntary contractions of the heart pump blood through the heart’s chambers and out to the body.

Describe skeletal muscle.

Skeletal muscles attach to two different bones and overlap a joint. When muscles contract, both bones move, but not equally. – The origin is the less moveable bone. – The insertion is the more moveable bone. The movement produced is the action. Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs.

Describe smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle is found in the internal organs. It is named for its lack of striations. Smooth muscle produces involuntary movement.

Define abduction.

Movement away from midline of body.

Define adduction.

Movement toward midline of body.

Define flexion.

Act of bending or being bent.

Define extension.

Brings limb into a straight condition.

List the functions of the skeletal system.

Internal framework of the body. It supports the body, protects organs, and is the point of muscle attachment. It also produces blood cells and stores minerals.

Define joint.

Formed where two bones meet; they are also called an articulation.

Define articular cartilage.

Covers the epiphysis.

Define diaphysis.

Central shaft and contains the medullary cavity.

Define epiphysis.

Wide portion at either end of the bone.

Define periosteum.

Covers the rest of the bone.

What is the Alimentary Canal?

Entire digestive tract from mouth to anus.

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the digestive system?

Is secreted by glands in mucous membrane lining of stomach. Food mixes with HCl & other gastric juices to form chyme.

What are the function of pancreatic enzymes in the digestive system?

Pancreatic enzymes chemically digest carbohydrates, fats, & proteins.

What is the function of saliva?

Saliva contains digestive enzymes to break down carbohydrates & lubricants to make food easier to swallow.

Name the primary function of the following in the digestive system: Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver.

Stomach: Muscular organ that collects food & churns it with digestive juices. Small intestine: Major site of digestion & absorption of nutrients from food. Large intestine: Fluid that remains after complete digestion & absorption of nutrients in small intestine enters large intestine. Liver: Processes nutrients absorbed by intestines

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

Brain and spinal column.

Somatic Nervous system.

Serve the skin and skeletal muscles. They are mainly involved with conscious and voluntary activities of the body. They also carry motor commands to skeletal muscles.

Parasympathetic nervous system.

The parasympathetic branch controls the “rest-and-digest” function. It causes the heart rate to slow, lowers the blood pressure, and stimulates the return of digestion.

Sympathetic nervous system.

The sympathetic branch controls the “fight-or-flight” reaction. Is active in times of stress and crisis.

Cerebellum.

The cerebellum aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium. It also refines muscular movements initiated in the cerebrum.

Cerebrum.

The cerebrum processes thought, judgment, memory, problem solving, and language.The outer layer is the cerebral cortex, and is made of folds of gray matter.

Hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus controls temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotion.It also controls the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and the pituitary gland.

Medulla Oblongata.

The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord. It control centers for respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure.It is the site where nerve tracts cross from one side of the brain to the other side of the body.

What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical neurotransmitter released by the axon carries them across.

What is a dendrite?

Dendrites are highly branched projections that receive impulses.

What is a synapse?

A gap called the synaptic cleft exists between the two neurons.

What is an axon?

The axon is the projection from the cell body that conducts the impulse toward its destination.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of how many cranial and spinal nerves?

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Describe the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Dopamine plays a role in how we feel pleasure. It's a big part of our unique human ability to think and plan. It helps us strive, focus, and find things interesting.

Describe the neurotransmitter endorphin.

Endorphins are chemicals produced naturally by the nervous system to cope with pain or stress. They are often called “feel-good” chemicals because they can act as a pain reliever and happiness booster.

Describe the neurotransmitter glutamate.

Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is necessary for proper brain functioning.

Describe the neurotransmitter GABA.

GABA’s main job is to work as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which means it blocks messages sent between the nerve cells and the brain or spinal cord.

Describe bulimia nervosa.

Bulimia Nervosa is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by a cycle of bingeing and self-induced vomiting.