General Chem 2: Unit 1 (Thermodynamics)

1st law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred

All forms of energy are either ___ or ___ energy

kinetic or potential

What is the formula to determine kinetic energy and what are the units?

mass = kg, v = m/s, and the answer will be in joules

A state function is best described as one that depends on the ___ and ___ points of a process, whereas a path function depends on the ___ taken.

starting, end, route

Quick memory trick

Compression = +w
Expansion = −w

A: because it’s referring to absorbing heat.

D:

If you push or pull and it actually moves (in the direction of the force), you did work.

Push a box and it slides → work

Hold a heavy box still → no work (because no movement)

Exothermic means there is a transfer of heat from the ___ to the ___. It ___ the heat as a product

system, surroundings, releases

Endothermic is the transfer of heat from the ___ to the ___. Heat is the part of the ___

surroundings, system, reactants

A) Exothermic your hand is releasing heat

B) Endothermic the ice is absorbing heat

C) Endothermic water is absorbing heat

D) Exothermic vapor is releasing heat

E) Endothermic ice cream is absorbing heat

Open systems can exchange ___ and ___ with the surroundings, like boiling water.

matter, heat

Closed systems can exchange only ___. Example would be a sealed bottle of water that you heat.

energy

Isolated systems exchange neither ___ nor ___. Example is an ideal thermos although real ones aren’t perfect.

energy, matter

Heat capacity is how many energy it takes to raise the temperature of an ___ ___ by 1 degree Celsius/Kelvin, whereas specific heat capacity is how much heat it takes to raise the temperature of ___ ___ of a substance by 1 degree Celsius/Kelvin.

entire sample, one gram

An adiabatic process means the net energy transferred is ___

zero

Isothermal process regards the total temperature change remains ___

constant

State function refers only to the ___ and ___ values and does not care about the ___ taken. For example, ___ in the heat formula is an example of a state function.

final, initial, (delta) T

Path function refers to the ___ taken as there may be multiple methods to get to the ___ result. For instance, the heat formula is considered a path function

route, final,

There is a transfer of energy between a system and its surroundings until ___ is reached.

equilibrium

If the heat formula q > 0, that means the reaction was ___

endothermic (absorbed heat)

If the heat formula is q < 0, that means the reaction was ___

exothermic (released heat)

When work is greater than 0, that means work is done through ___ (on the system), whereas if it is less than 0, that means the work was is done through ___ (by the system)

compression, expansion

both negative because heat is released and work is done on the surroundings

A calorimeter is a device to measure the ___ transferred

heat

What is the formula for heat capacity, and what are the units?