Chapter 25: Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS

std

sexually transmitted disease, infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact

sti

sexually transmitted infections, another name for std

epidemics

occurrences of diseases in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected

asymptomatic

without symptoms

high risk behaviors

being sexually active with more than one person, engaging in unprotected sex, selecting high-risk partners, using alcohol and other drugs

protected sex

also known as barrier protection, not 100 percent effective in preventing std transmission

abstinence

deliberate decision to avoid harmful behaviors, including sexual activity before marriage and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, only method that is 100 percent effective in preventing stds

65 million

estimated number of people living in us with an incurable std

1/4

how often new cases of stds are us teens

consequences of stds

incurable std, cancer, infertility, passing to children

pid

known as pelvic inflamatory disease, damages female reproductive organs and can cause sterility

pathogens

can cause incurable stds and cannot be eliminated from the body

hepatitis b

virus that can cause cancer of the liver

hpv

human papillomarvirus, a virus that can cause genital warts or asymptomatic infection, can cause cancer of the cervix, penis, and anus, most common std

fetal std side effects

damage to bones, nervous system, and brain, premature births, blindness, pneumonia, death

united states

country with the highest rates of stds in the industrialized world

50 to 75

percent of sexually active people who acquire hpv at some point during their lives

30

number of different types of hpv that can infect the genital area

pap test

test that may detect changes associated with hpv

genital warts

pink or reddish warts with cauliflower like tops that appear on the genitals, vagina, or cervix 1-3 months after hpv infection that are highly contagious

throat

where warts can develop in babies born to mothers with hpv that can obstruct breathing passages, which can be life threatening

chlamydia

bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and females, asymptomatic for many, diagnosed by lab examinations of secretion from cervix or urethra, treated with antibiotics

chlamydia symtpoms

males: discharge from penis, burning upon urination. females: vaginal discharge, burning up on urination, abdominal pain

genital herpes

std caused by the herpes simplex virus, asymptomatic, treated with mediation, diagnosed through lab testing on blister fluid

genital herpes symptoms

both: blisterlike sores in genital area that occur periodically

gonorrhea

bacterial std that usually affects the mucous membrane, diagnosed by swabbing the cervix and growing the organisms, treated with antibiotics

gonorrhea symptoms

females: vaginal discharge, pain/burning upon urination

trichomoniasis

std caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder, diagnosed by microscopic examination of the discharge, treated with antibiotics

trichomoniasis symptoms

males: mild urethral itching or discharge and burning after urination. females: vaginitis

syphilis

std that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium called a spirochete, diagnosed with blood tests, treated with antibiotics

syphilis symptoms

both: chancres

chancres

painless reddish sore at the site of infection

aids

acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a disease in which the immune system of the patient is weakened, advanced stage of hiv

kaposi’s sarcoma

a disease in which cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines

hiv

human immunodeficiency virus, a virus that attacks the immune system, cause of aids, takes over cells and replicates them to survive, progressive infection

lymphocytes

white blood cells that help the body fight pathogens

t cells

cells invaded when hiv enters the blood

opportunistic infections

infections that occur in individuals who do not have healthy immune systems

how hiv is transmitted

blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, sexual intercourse, sharing needles, mother to baby

how mothers give hiv to their babies

blood through umbilical cord and delivery, breast milk

stages of hiv

flu-like symptoms, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, aids

asymptomatic stage

period of time during which a person infected with hiv has no symptoms

symptomatic stage

stage in which a person infected with hiv has symptoms as a result of a severe drop in immune cells

eia

test that screens for the presence of hiv antibodies in the blood, first test

reasons eia’s can be inaccurate

developing antibodies takes time, certain health conditions

western blot

most common confirmation test for hiv in the united states, 100 percent accurate if done correctly

reasons hiv/aids can’t be cured

hiv infects cell that regulate immune response, new strains are always developing, side effects of treatments are too severe, people stop taking it which leads to stronger strains, very expensive, not everyone has access

drug cocktails

combinations of drugs

pandemic

global outbreak of infectious disease

ways to avoid hiv/aids

avoid situations with drugs and pressure to engage in sexual activity, leave when being pressured, practice refusal

ovary

one of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made

fallopian tube

one of two long, slender tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus where eggs pass through

uterus

the hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis where a fetus develops and grows

cervix

the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb) that connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal)

vagina

the muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the cervix of the uterus

birth control

a pill used to prevent pregnancy, prevents eggs from being released from the ovaries, weakens the uterus to where an egg cannot implant, creates a mucous membrane-like barrier in the cervix to keep out sperm

sexual harassment

behavior characterized by the making of unwelcome and inappropriate sexual remarks or physical advances in a workplace or other professional or social situation

sexual assault

sexual contact or behavior that occurs without explicit consent of the victim

rape

the act of forcing a person to engage in sexual activity and especially intercourse

1 in 5

number of women that experienced completed or attempted rape during their lifetime

1 in 10

number of men that experienced completed or attempted rape during their lifetime

megans law

a law requiring authorities to notify communities of the whereabouts of convicted sex offenders

pedophile

a person who is sexually attracted to children.

diaphragm

a circular dome made of soft, thin silicone that is inserted into the vagina before sex and covers the cervix so that sperm can't get into the womb

condom

a thin cover worn on the penis during intercourse

pubic lice

small parasites that attach to the skin and hair near the genitals

scabies

a contagious skin disease marked by itching and small raised red spots, caused by the itch mite