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What are the power equations used in electric circuits?
In electric circuits, power P is calculated using:
P = IV
→ Power = Current × Voltage
P = I^2^ R
→ Power = Current² × Resistance
P = (V^2^)/ R
→ Power = Voltage² ÷ Resistance
How do you calculate total resistance in a parallel circuit?
For resistors in parallel:
1/Rtot = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+⋯
Then, solve for Rtot by taking the reciprocal:
Rtot = (1/R1+1/R2+⋯ )^−1^
How do electrons flow in the electron transport chain, and why is O₂ the final acceptor?
"Electrons Climb the Ladder of Positivity"
They move up in reduction potential, ending at O₂, the most "electronegative VIP"!
Oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor because it has the most positive reduction potential in the chain.
What is an electrolytic cell?
An electrolytic cell uses an external electrical potential to drive a nonspontaneous redox reaction.
Requires energy input (usually from a battery or power supply)
Electrons are forced through the circuit to make the reaction happen
Used in electroplating, electrolysis of water, and metal refining
What is the physical state of most metal oxides at standard temperature?
"Metal + O = Solid Show"
When metals meet oxygen, they make strong, solid oxides!
How does the Lorentz force affect the motion of charged particles in a magnetic field?
The Lorentz force acts perpendicular to both the velocity of a charged particle and the magnetic field, causing the particle to move in a curved (circular or helical) path.
What is the Right-Hand Rule?
“Fingers: Velocity → Palm: Field → Thumb: Force”
🔄 (Flip the force direction for negative charges)
This rule only applies when v ⊥ B (perpendicular)