Cerebellum Quick Revision Notes - Pharmacology Flashcards

Exactly 500 vocabulary flashcards based on Pharmacology notes covering General Pharmacology, ANS, Autacoids, CVS, Endocrine, CNS, and specialized meds for various conditions.

Pharmacokinetics

The study of the effect of the body on the drug (ADME).

Pharmacodynamics

The study of the effect of the drug on the body (Action and Mechanism).

Lipid solubility

The most important factor in drug absorption.

Acidic Medium

The environment where acidic drugs remain non-ionized and are absorbed.

Intravenous ($IV$) Route Bioavailability

Always $100\%$.

First Pass Metabolism

Pre-systemic metabolism that decreases the bioavailability of a drug happens in liver

Area Under the Curve ($AUC$)

A measure of the extent of drug absorption in a plasma concentration vs. time graph.

$$C_{max}$$

The maximum concentration obtained by a particular dose.

$$T_{max}$$

The time in which plasma concentration becomes maximum, representing the rate of absorption.

Volume of Distribution ($Vd$)

A measure of the amount of drug in tissues after absorption calculated as Amount given divided by Plasma concentration kite volume of drug distribute hogyi hai. Formula amount given/plasma conc

Acidic Drug Binding

These drugs primarily bind to Albumin in the plasma.

High Plasma Protein Binding ($PPB$)

Results in low $Vd$, long duration of action, and more drug interactions.

Loading Dose ($LD$) LVT

Initial high dose given to start action, calculated as $Vd \times \text{Target Plasma Concentration}$.

Ye niklega mg ke andar toh plasma conc ku unit and volume Jo multiply Kro ajaiga

Maintenance Dose ($MD$)

Repeated doses given to maintain plasma concentration,maintain krrhe means kuch nikal rha toh iske formulae meh clearence Aaigacalculated as $CL \times \text{Target Plasma Concentration}$.

Phase I Reactions

Constructive reactions including oxidation most important is oxidation reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization, and deamination to expose functional groups.

Phase II Reactions

Conjugation reactions including most imp (glucuronidation) ,acetylation, and methylation to make drugs water-soluble.

CYP3A4 Substrates CTSCAN ko break krta hai (not learn this learn other 2)

Includes Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Statins, and the CAT group (Cisapride, Astemizole, Terfenadine) AMIODARONE Navir

CYP2D6 Substrates

Includes 2-Beta-blockers, D-Anti-depressants, and 6 means sex-Anti-arrhythmics except amiodarone

CYP2C19 Substrate

Specifically mentions C1 looks like (Clopidogrel) and its interaction with PPIs.

CYP2C9 Substrates

9 looks like P Phenytoin , penny ke peeche war so Warfarin

Enzyme Inducers (induce all cyp taki cyp jldi fast act kare)

Substances like Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, Rifampicin, Smoking, Carbamazepine, and Phenobarbitone. Carbamazepine maze me induce rest C are inhibitor.

Enzyme Inhibitors taki cyp inhibit hjaye and drug not excrete and prolong action

Substances like Valproate, Ketoconazole, Cimetidine, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Isoniazid.

Glomerular Filtration

Process where lipid and water-soluble drugs are filtered; inversely proportional to plasma protein binding and is jgh all substance are excreted whether polar or non polar

Tubular Reabsorption

Process where $99\%$ of GFR is reabsorbed, with (lipid-soluble) drugs returning to blood and water-soluble ones excreted.

Salicylate Poisoning Treatment

Alkalinization of urine using $NaHCO_3$ to increase drug excretion because acid and base react to form ions and ions can’t be reabsorbed back so excreted

Amphetamine are basic as amine Poisoning Treatment

Acidification of urine using $NH_4Cl$ to increase drug excretion.

Tubular Secretion PPP

A saturable process in the proximal tubules using pumps; Probenecid inhibits secretion of Penicillin.PPP probenecid prolong peniccilin

Half Life ($t_{1/2}$)

The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to become half.

First Order Kinetics

Elimination where the fraction of drug removed is constant; $t_{1/2}$ is constant.

Zero Order Kinetics

Elimination where the amount of drug removed is constant; $t_{1/2}$ is proportional to plasma concentration.

WATT Power Mnemonic

A mnemonic for Zero Order Kinetics drugs: Warfarin, Alcohol/Aspirin, Theophylline, Tolbutamide, and Phenytoin. Toll fill- TOLBUTAMIDE/theoPHYLline

Competitive Inhibition where they compete (kaat dega)

Enzyme inhibition where $K_m$ increases and $V_{max}$ remains unchanged.

Non-competitive Inhibition

Enzyme inhibition where $K_m$ remains the same and $V_{max}$ decreases.

Agonist see graph photo

A drug with affinity and maximum intrinsic activity ($+1$).

Partial Agonist

A drug with affinity and sub-maximum intrinsic activity (between $0$ and $1$).

Inverse Agonist

A drug with affinity and negative intrinsic activity, producing opposite actions.

Antagonist

A drug with affinity but zero intrinsic activity, interfering with other drug actions.

Ionotropic Receptors

The fastest-acting receptors located on ion channels, such as GABA or NMDA receptors.

GPCR ($G$-Protein Coupled Receptors)

Receptors working via $cAMP$, calcium, or ion channel mechanisms through $G$-proteins.

$G_s$ protein

Stimulates adenylate cyclase convert ATP to camp,increase $cAMP$ levels.

$G_i$ protein

Inhibits adenylate cyclase to decrease $cAMP$ levels.

$G_q$ protein

Converts $PIP_2$ to $IP_3$ and $DAG$, increasing intracellular calcium.

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

Enzymatic receptors used by Insulin, Growth Hormone, and Cytokines.

Intracellular Receptors

Receptors for lipid-soluble drugs like Vitamin D, Thyroid hormones, and Sex hormones; the slowest-acting receptors.

Log Dose Response Curve ($DRC$)

Sigmoid curve used to determine drug potency, efficacy, and slope.

Potency

The dose of a drug required to produce a similar response; left-shifted curves indicate a more potent drug.

Efficacy

The maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of the dose; indicated by the height of the curve.

Median Effective Dose ($ED_{50}$)

The dose at which $50\%$ of subjects respond.

Median Lethal Dose ($LD_{50}$)

The dose at which $50\%$ of animals die.

Therapeutic Index

The margin of safety of a drug, calculated as $LD_{50} / ED_{50}$.

Spurious drug

An imitation or substitute of another drug likely to deceive the consumer S for SPURIOUS S for same name

Misbranded drug

A drug not labeled in the prescribed manner or making false claims.

Adulterated drug

A drug containing filthy, putrid, or decomposed substances.

Investigational New Drug Application ($INDA$)

The application filed before starting clinical trials.

New drug application

After phase 3

Phase I Clinical Trial

Conducted in healthy volunteers to determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose ($MTD$).

Phase II Clinical Trial

Conducted in patients to test efficacy for the first time using single-blind studies. First time efficacy is seen

Phase III Clinical Trial

Multicentric double-blind studies in patients to confirm efficacy; followed by $NDA$ filing.

Phase IV Clinical Trial

Post-marketing studies to identify rare and long-term adverse effects.

Phase Zero Clinical Trial

Micro-dosing study on humans to know pharmacokinetics using sub-therapeutic doses.not mandatory, ther is a pre clinical trial which test on animals

Category A Pregnancy Safety

Safest drugs in pregnancy.

Category X Pregnancy Safety

Drugs totally contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenicity.

Schedule X drugs

Inka nasha hota hai , Narcotic and psychotropic drugs like Ketamine that require specific regulation.

Schedule H drugs

Prescription Hai H for hai , Drugs that require a prescription from a Registered Medical Practitioner.

Parasympathetic system origin

Cranial and Sacral nerves.

Sympathetic system origin

Thoracic and Lumbar nerves.

Muscarinic $M_1$ Receptors pahle khao piyo fir dil lgao fir baaki kuch

Located in the stomach; their stimulation increases gastric acidity.

Muscarinic $M_2$ Receptors

Located in the heart; their stimulation decreases heart rate and conduction.

Muscarinic $M_3$ Receptors

Located in the bronchus, GIT, bladder, glands, and pupil; cause contraction or secretions.

Nicotinic $N_N$ Receptors

Located in the ganglia of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Nicotinic $N_M$ Receptors

Located at the neuromuscular junction for skeletal muscle contraction.

Botulinum toxin

Inhibits the release of Acetylcholine ($ACh$) at all cholinergic sites.

Physostigmine

A lipid-soluble reversible $AChE$ inhibitor used to treat Atropine poisoning or Glaucoma.

Neostigmine N-W

A water-soluble reversible $AChE$ inhibitor used for Myasthenia Gravis and reversal of muscle relaxants.

Edrophonium

A water-soluble short-acting $AChE$ inhibitor used for the diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis.

Organophosphate Poisoning Symptoms (acetylcholinsterase inhibitor)

Characterized by pinpoint pupils, increased secretions, diarrhea, urination, and bronchoconstriction.

Atropine

The drug of choice for Organophosphate and Carbamate poisoning; titrated until signs of atropinization occur.

Signs of Atropinization

Decreased secretions (most reliable sign), mydriasis, and tachycardia ($HR > 100\,bpm$).

Pralidoxime ($PAM$)

$AChE$ reactivator that acts only peripherally, used in Organophosphate poisoning.

Di Acetyl Monoxime ($DAM$)

$AChE$ reactivator that acts both centrally and peripherally.

Pilocarpine

A directly acting cholinergic drug used topically for Angle Closure Glaucoma to produce miosis.

Dhatura poisoning

Also called Belladonna or Atropine poisoning; symptoms include dry mouth, delirium, hyperthermia, and tachycardia , hyperthermia as decrease sweat

Nor-adrenaline alpha 1,2 beta 1 not 2

The major neurotransmitter of the Sympathetic Nervous System.

$\alpha_1$ Receptor

Located on blood vessels (vasoconstriction), eye (mydriasis), and prostatic urethra.

$\alpha_2$ Receptor

Presynaptic receptor that acts as a 'brake' for the sympathetic system, decreasing neurotransmitter release.

$\beta_1$ Receptor

Located in the heart (increases rate/pressure) and JG cells (renin secretion).

$\beta_2$ Receptor

Located in lungs (bronchodilation), blood vessels (vasodilation), and skeletal muscle (tremors).

$\beta_3$ Receptor

Located in fat (lipolysis) and the bladder (relaxation).

Adrenaline

Drug of choice for Anaphylactic Shock, given via IM/SC route at $1:1000$ concentration.

Drug of choice for cardiac arrest, given via iv 1:10000

Cocaine

A local anesthetic that acts by inhibiting NA reuptake, causing vasoconstriction and hypertension.

Septic Shock DOC

Nor-adrenaline.

Dopamine < 2\,mcg/kg/min

Acts on $D_1$ receptors causing renal vasodilation

Dopamine acts on d1 b1 alpha1 as DoBAmine

Sbse phle on d1 so less than 2 ,

Then beta 1 so 2-10,

Then alpha 1 more than 10

Dobutamine

Mainly a $\beta_1$ agonist used for heart failure.

Clonidine

An $\alpha_2$ agonist used for hypertension and to manage withdrawal symptoms.

Mirabegron

A $\beta_3$ agonist used for overactive bladder.

Phenoxybenzamine

An irreversible non-selective $\alpha$ blocker used for Pheochromocytoma.

Phentolamine

A reversible non-selective $\alpha$ blocker used for Cheese Reaction and Clonidine withdrawal.

Prazosin

A selective $\alpha_1$ blocker used for hypertension and scorpion stings; causes first-dose hypotension.

Tamsulosin

An $\alpha_{1A}$ blocker used for BPH; does not cause postural hypotension.

Timolol

A non-selective beta blocker used topically for Glaucoma.