Unit 6 - Kidneys, Vessels, Nerves

Where is the right equine kidney located?

- Ventral to the last two or three ribs and first lumbar transverse process

Where is the left equine kidney located?

- Located ventral to the last rib and first two or three lumbar processes

Describe the structure of equine kidneys.

- Pseudounipyramidal

What can be found at the hilus of the equine kidney?

- Renal artery

- Reval vein

- Ureter

- Renal lymph nodes

What is the renal crest?

- Inner ventral part of the medulla which projects into the renal pelvis

What is the renal pelvis?

- Dilated portion of the ureter within the kidney

What are the terminal recesses of the equine kidney?

- Extensions of the renal pelvis

- Tubules from each end of the kidney open into the terminal recesses

What can be found in the wall of the renal pelvis and initial segment of the ureter? What does this cause?

- Mucous glands

- Causes urine to look cloudy

Where is the right bovine kidney located?

- Located ventral to the last rib and first two or three lumbar transverse processes

Where is the left bovine kidney located?

- Located ventral to the third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebrae

The right bovine kidney is positioned ________________ while the left bovine kidney is ____________.

- Retroperitoneally

- Pendulous

How does the rumen affect the position of the left bovine kidney?

- When the rumen is full, the left kidney is situated to the right of the median plane, just caudal and ventral to the right kidney

- When the rumen is not full, the left kidney may lie partly to the left of the median plane.

What can be found at the hilus of the bovine kidney?

- Entrance of the renal artery and vein

- Exit of the ureter

- Renal lymph nodes

The hilus of the left bovine kidney is positioned _____________.

- Dorsally

Describe the general structure of the bovine kidney.

- Multipyramidal

Each lobe of the bovine kidney has what two components?

- Cortex

- Medullary pyramid

The papilla of each bovine kidney pyramid drains into what? What do these then drain into?

- Minor calyces

- These then drain into one of two major calices (principal branches of the ureter) which carry urine to the ureter.

Do bovine kidneys have a renal pelvis?

- No

How do small ruminant kidneys differ from bovine kidneys?

- They have a renal pelvis

- Both kidneys are retroperitoneal

Describe the external structure of porcine kidneys.

- Smooth, bean-shaped

Where are the porcine kidneys located?

- Located between the last rib and 4th lumbar vertebra; Right kidney does not contact the liver

What porcine kidneys have a renal pelvis?

- Yes

Porcine kidneys have __________ and ____________ calices.

- Major

- Minor

What are the three principal branches of the celiac artery?

- Splenic artery

- Left gastric artery

- Hepatic artery

What is the branch of the external iliac artery?

- Deep circumflex iliac artery

What does the celiac artery supply?

- Stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, duodenum, esophagus, omentum

What does the cranial mesenteric artery supply?

- Supplies small and large intestines

What does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?

- Supplies large intestine

What are the branches of the splenic artery that we need to know in the horse and ox?

- Splenic branches

- Short gastric branches

- Left gastroepoploic artery

What are the branches of the left gastric artery in the horse?

- Visceral branch

- Parietal branch

What are the branches of the hepatic artery that we need to know in the horse and ruminant?

- Right gastric artery which gives rise to the right gastroepiploic artery

What are the branches of the left gastric artery in ruminants?

- Left ruminal artery

- Left gastroepiploic artery

What arteries provide the blood supply to the ruminant stomach?

- Right ruminal artery

- Left ruminal artery

- Reticular artery

- Left gastric artery

- Right gastric artery

- Left gasotroepiploic artery

- Right gastroepiploic artery

What provides blood supply to the initial half of the ascending colon?

- Colic branch from the ileocolic artery from the cranial mesenteric artery

What provides blood supply to the terminal half of the ascending colon?

- Right colic artery from cranial mesenteric artery

What provides blood supply to the transverse colon?

- Middle colic artery from cranial mesenteric artery

What provides blood supply to the descending colon?

- Left colic artery

The last jejunal artery is the __________ artery.

- Ileal

Blood from which organs drains into the hepatic portal vein?

- Spleen

- Stomach

- Pancreas

- Small intestine

- Majority of large intestine

What makes up the celiac lymphocenter in the horse? Where do the efferent vessels drain to?

- Hepatic, splenic, gastric, pancreaticoduodenal, and omental lymph nodes whose efferents drain to the celiac lymph node.

- Celiac lymph node whose efferents form the celiac trunk which drains into the cisterna chyli

What makes up the cranial mesenteric lymphocenter in the horse? Where do the efferent vessels drain to?

- Jejunal, cecal, and colic lymph nodes whose efferents drain to the cranial mesenteric lymph node

- Cranial mesenteric lymph node whose efferents form the intestinal trunks which drain to the cisterna chyli

What makes up the caudal mesenteric lymphocenter in the horse? Where do the afferent and efferent vessels course?

- Caudal mesenteric lymph node

- Afferents from the small colon, rectum, peritoneum, omentum and anorectal lymph node

- Efferents drain to lumbar trunk or medial iliac lymph node

What makes up the celiac lymphoceter in the ruminant? Where do its efferents course?

- Celiac, atrial, ruminal, reticular, omasal, dorsal abomasal, ventral abomasal, hepatic, and pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes

- Drain to gastric, celiac, or visceral lymph trunks which drain into the cisterna chyli

What makes up the cranial mesenteric lymphoceter in the ruminant? Where do its efferents course?

- Cranial mesenteric, jejunal, cecal, and colic lymph nodes

- Efferents drain to gastric or intestinal lymph trunks which drain into the cisterna chyli

What makes up the caudal mesenteric lymphocenter? Where do its afferents and efferents course?

- Caudal mesenteric lymph node

- Afferents from the descending colon, rectum, and possible anorectal lymph node

- Efferents drain to the medial iliac lymph node