Chemistry Chapter 12: Acids and Bases

Numerical measure of acids and bases

pH

pH > 7

Base

pH < 7

Acid

pH = 7

Neutral

Acids

Taste sour and turn Litmus paper RED

Acid Examples

HCl, H2SO4

Bases

Taste bitter, feel slippery, and turn Litmus paper BLUE

Bases Examples

NaOH

An acid Increases BLANK concentration of solution when dissolved in water.

H+

H+ = H30+ =

Hydronium Ion

A base increases BLANK concentration of solution when dissolved in water.

OH-

OH-

Hydroxide Ion

pH Scale

Power of Hydrogen

0 to < 7 Acidic

H30+ > OH-

7 Neutral

H30+ = OH-

> 7 to 14

OH- > H30+

Indicators

Change different colors in response to pH (react with H30+ and OH-)

pH =

-log [H30+]

For strong acids, H30+ equals...

the concentration M of the solution

[H30+] [OH-] =

1 x 10^-14

For strong bases, OH- equals...

the concentration M of the solution

pOH =

-log [OH-]

pOH + pH =

14

Acids react with bases and metals

Salts are formed

Bases react with acids

Salts are formed

Bronsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases

an acid-base reaction is any reaction in which a proton is transferred from an acid to a base.

Acids…

Donate Protons

Protons

Hydrogen Nucleus (H+)

Bases accept BLANK

Protons

HCL + H20 → H30+ + Cl-

HCL- Acid, H20-Base, H30-Conjugate Acid, Cl- Conjugate Base

Conjugate Base

Everything that remains of acid after you lose the H+

Conjugate Acid

Formed when protons are transferred to the base

[H⁺]

10^-pH

[OH⁻]

10^-pOH

Naming Acids

H = Hydro

Name of anion + ic

Word "acid"

HCl

Hydrochloric Acid

HF

Hydrofluoric Acid

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid (in car battery b/c very good conductors of electricity)

HNO3

Nitric Acid (Acid Rain)

HCOOH

Formic Acid (Makes fire ant bite sting)

Neutralization

Strong Acid and Strong Base

Acid ₊ Base → Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH → NaCl ⁺ H20

Equivalence Point

Amount added acid or base equals amount acid or base in solution (H+ = OH-)

Titration

Adding acid to base or vice versa to reach equivalence point

M1V1 (Acid) =

M2V2 (Base)

Arrhenius

An Arrhenius acid is any species that increases the concentration of H+ in aqueous solution.

An Arrhenius base is any species that increases the concentration of OH−in aqueous solution.