PCR 14-2

X-Ray Negative

Primary Tuberculosis Infection

Latent Tuberculosis Infection

X-Ray +/-

bacterial spread throughout the body, such as liver, kidney, meninges, and bone

Military Tuberculosis

reactivated from latent TB infection due to immune system dysfunction

Secondary Active Tuberculosis Disease

Which is correctly measured for an induration in PPD reaction?

Diameter of the injection site

Low-risk persons in tuberculin reaction is positive when the induration is over ___ mm.

15

 Latent TB infection is treated most commonly by __

Isoniazid, rifampin

A 31-year-old Asian woman is admitted to the hospital with a 7-week history of increasing malaise, myalgia, nonproductive cough, and shortness of breath. She has daily fevers of 38-39 degrees in Celsius and a recent 5-kg weight loss. She had a negative chest radiograph when she entered the United States 7 years ago. The patient's grandmother died of tuberculosis when the patient was an infant. A current chest radiograph is normal; results of other tests show a decreased hematocrit and liver function test abnormalities. Live and bond marrow biopsy show granulomas with giant cells and acid-fast bacilli. She is probably infected with 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis in HIV patients has the following symptoms

they develop more military TB infection, sputum smear may be positive less frequently, tuberculin skin test becomes negative so often, Exacerbations in systemic or respiratory symptoms, signs, and laboratory or radiographic manifestations of TB have been associated with the administration of antiretroviral therapy

Staphylococcal pneumonia

necrotizing pneumonia

Klebsiella pneumonia

gelatinous reddish-brown sputum in alcoholics

Pseudomonas pneumonia

ventilator-associated pneumonia; treated with carbenicilin and gentamicin

Pneumococcal pneumonia

typical pneumonia prevented by vaccine

Mycoplasma pneumonia

walking pneumonia with dry cough; treated with erythromycin

Haemophilus pneumonia

10% of community-associated pneumonia; treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol

Legionnaire’s disease

atypical pneumonia characterized by headache, fever, a dry cough, and diarrhea and vomiting

Q fever

transmitted to human by inhaling particles from infected animals

Psittacosis

transmitted to human by infected parrots, parakeets, canaries

Chlamydial pneumonia

transmitted human-to-human; common in young adults and college students

Anthrax

woolsorters’ disease

infected by breathing the infectious aerosolized dried urine or feces from rodents

Hantavirus

spread by close person-to-person contact

SARS-coronavirus

bats are its reservoir

SARS-coronavirus

prevented by eliminating rodent nests

Hantavirus

Regarding cryptococcosis,

 

treated by amphotericin B, thick capsule provides resistance to phagocytosis, found in urban soil or pigeon droppings, can cause pneumonia, meningitis, or paralysis

Regarding histoplasmosis,

suffer only mild influenza-like symptoms, can be tuberculosis-like in AIDS patients, can be called “summer flu”

can cause lung and skin lesions

coccidioidomycosis

has symptoms of nonproductive cough, fever and dyspnea

pneumocystis pneumonia

spherules demonstrated by methenamine silver staining

coccidioidomycosis

surgery is necessary to remove its mass

aspergillosis

is called Valley fever common in desert valley of the southwestern US

coccidioidomycosis

treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

pneumocystis pneumonia

40% of patients are self-limiting

coccidioidomycosis

Humans can acquire anthrax by

taking contaminated undercooked meat, inhaling the spores, having skin abrasions with spore-contaminated animal products such as violin bows, goatskin drumheads, and leather jackets, touching the soil directly

Anthrax can have symptoms as

common cold, shock, nausea, appetite loss, and fever, a black sore

Anthrax can be treated by

penicillin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin