anatomy & physiology 2 - respiratory system (EXAM 3)

______ affects nearly every organ in the body; it leads to preventable causes of premature diseases and death

______ affects nearly every organ in the body; it leads to preventable causes of premature diseases and death

smoking

_____ cigarette smoke increases non-smokers lung cancer risk to 20-30%; for example, in children it can cause ear infections, more frequent/severe asthma attacks, respiratory symptoms (i.e., coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath), respiratory infections (i.e., bronchitis and pneumonia), and a greater risk for sudden infant death (SIDS)

secondhand

_____ has probably fewer chemicals than cigarettes, but there are a lot of knowns and it’s still addictive and harmful

vaping

the _____ are not tested until birth because they’re filled with fluid during gestation; once babies are born, _____ fluid is forcefully expelled and the lungs should inflate and start to work

lungs; amniotic

the _____ system consists of passages that filter incoming air and transport it into the body, then into the lungs, and then into the many microscopic air sacs where gases are exchanged; it’s also important in smell, speech, etc.

respiratory

_____ is the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells; it includes the following events: ventilation, external respiration, the transport of gases, internal respiration, and cellular respiration

respiration

_____ (breathing) is the movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and the alveoli; the actions responsible for these air movements are inspiration and expiration

ventilation

_____ pressure, due to the weight of the air, is the force that moves air into the lungs; at sea level, it’s 760 mmHg

atmospheric

_____ law states that pressure and volume are related in an opposite way; for example, pulling back on the plunger of a syringe increases the volume inside the barrel, lowering the air pressure inside so the atmospheric pressure pushes outside air into the syringe; in contrast, pushing on the plunger of a syringe reduces the volume inside the syringe, increasing the pressure inside, forcing air out of the syringe into the atmosphere

Boyle’s

_____ respiration is where the gases in the air are exchanged in the blood; the gases (i.e., oxygen) then leave the blood cells and go into the mitochondria then creating _____ respiration

external; internal

intra-alveolar pressure decreases to about 758 mmHg as the thoracic cavity _____ due to diaphragm downward movement caused by impulses carried by the phrenic nerves from the respiratory center

enlarges

_____ respiration is where oxygen is used to break down sugar to get a lot of ATP; the products are 6 CO2 and H2O

cellular

the organs of the respiratory system can be divided into two tracts: the _____ respiratory tract and the _____ respiratory tract

upper; lower

the _____ respiratory tract consists of the nose, the nasal cavity, the sinuses, the pharynx, and the larynx

upper

the _____ respiratory system consists of the trachea, the bronchial tree, and the lungs

lower

the _____ is made of hyaline cartilage with skin over it; it has hairs that provide the first filtration of air, and the _____ provide an entrance to the nasal cavity

nose; nostrils

_____ (turbinate bones) cause air to be forced to hit the walls of the sticky, warm, and wet membrane of the respiratory epithelium with mucus to help filter, warm, and moisten the air

nasal conchae

the _____ is made of a warm, wet membrane and filled with mucus that helps conduct air to the pharynx; the mucus lining also filters, warms, and moistens incoming air before it reaches the lungs

nasal cavity

the _____ of the nose separates the right and left nostrils

septum

the epithelium in the respiratory system is _____ epithelium which consists of goblet cells (which make mucus) and cilia

pseudostratified columnar

during allergies/colds, the vessels in the nose become engorged and leaky and the mucus membrane swells, constricting the passage which is called _____

congestion

the _____ segment is the first piece of the nasal cavity that consists of skin and hair; the _____ segment is the bulk of the nasal cavity including the turbinate bones; the _____ segment is up high in the nasal cavity where smell takes place

vestibule; respiratory; olfactory

______ is a chemosensation involved in smell; it has free nerve endings that respond to harmful chemicals like acid; there are about 350 different olfactory receptors but we can sense over 10,000 smells because each receptor is broad enough to bind to several odorants

olfaction

the olfactory nerve goes to the _____ system of our brain which can evoke great emotions and is connected to memories; therefore, an emotional reaction could occur before the smell is identified

limbic

the _____ organ responds to pheromones which are debatable in humans, but pheromones in sweat cause females to synchronize menstrual cycles

vomeronasal

______ epithelium is at the top of the nasal cavity; it’s yellowish-brown in life

olfactory

the _____ sinuses are air-filled spaces lined with respiratory epithelium; they’re narrow openings that drain into the nasal cavity; they’re named for skull bones including the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

paranasal

the ______ sinuses are the largest sinuses and the most difficult to drain because unlike most sinuses that drain downward, these sinuses have to drain upward

maxillary

_____ lighten the head and aid in sound production; however, infections are common

sinuses

the ____ is posterior to the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and the larynx; the tonsils lie here; it’s a passageway for air moving from the nasal cavity to the larynx and for food moving from the oral cavity to the esophagus

pharynx

the _____ is made of elastic cartilage that allows the trachea to be kept open so you can breathe, but when you swallow, this structure closes so food/drink goes down the esophagus and not the trachea; the top of it is made of stratified squamous and the underside is made of respiratory epithelium

epiglottis

the _____ is made mostly of hyaline cartilage; it’s a passageway for air, prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea, and houses the vocal chords

larynx

the ______ cartilage is in front and makes up most of the larynx

thyroid

the _____ cartilage is a ring below the thyroid cartilage

cricoid

the bronchial _____ are branched tubes that lead from the trachea to the alveoli; they conduct air to the alveoli, and their mucus lining continues to filter incoming air

tree

the laryngeal mucosa is made of two folds; the upper folds known as the _____ vocal folds and the lower folds known as the _____ vocal folds; they change the pitch of speech based on how open/closed they are

false; true

_____ is the power (amplitude) from the lungs; air is forced through the larynx causing vocal chords to vibrate, and the actions of the lips, tongue, and soft palate form words; the vocal chords also give pitch (lower pitch is a smaller opening in the chords whereas a higher pitch is a bigger opening in the chords)

speech

the _____ is a tube with C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings to keep it open all the time so it doesn’t collapse; the gap in the rings are backed by connective tissue/muscle to squeeze the tube more open/close; it also has a ciliated mucus membrane

trachea

the _____ muscle allows the diameter of the trachea to change

trachealis

as the trachea continues down to split into the L and R bronchi, where it splits there a “keel” called the _____; it’s very sensitive as it contains a lot of nerves

carina

_____ is the changing of normal, ciliated, goblet cell mucosa into squamous cells which can be cancerous; for example, smoking can cause chronic bronchitis and cause cilia to die so mucus is not coming up anymore

metaplasia

a _____ is done when there’s a blockage in the upper tract so a hole is made in the trachea and a tube is placed in the hole to allow air to pass through

tracheostomy

the lungs can be broke into _____ that each have their own blood/air supply so in surgery one of the segments can be removed easily; one of them includes the bronchopulmonary

segments

the _____ lung is bigger and has 3 lobes whereas the _____ lung has 2 lobes and is smaller

right; left

the successive divisions of the branches from the _____ to the _____ are:

1. R and L primary bronchi

2. secondary (lobar) bronchi

3. tertiary (segmental) bronchi

4. terminal bronchioles

5. respiratory bronchioles

6. alveolar ducts

7. alveolar sacs

8. alveoli

trachea; alveoli

the _____ is where vessels, air tubes, nerves, lymphatic vessels enter/connect to the lungs because the lungs are floating in the chest cavity and only connected at this location

hilum

_____ are less than 1 mm in diameter and have no cartilage

bronchioles

_____ bronchioles go to a cluster of alveoli made of simple columnar epithelium

terminal

_____ bronchioles is where gas exchange first takes place; it’s made of cuboidal epithelium

respiratory

_____ ducts are all openings to alveoli made of squamous epithelium; they have walls of alveoli

alveolar

there are about 150-200 million _____ per lung; they’re thin walled, polyhedral chambers with about a 0.2 mm diameter

alveoli

alveoli _____ are the spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

sacs

as you go down the trachea, _____ disappears, _____ goes from fast to slow, _____ increases, and the epithelial cells become smaller (columnar, cuboidal, to squamous)

cartilage; air flow; smooth muscle

_____ is a chemical that decreases the surface tension in alveoli to make sure they don’t collapse and stick together; the production of this chemical begins at 35 weeks in the fetus, so some premature infants develop respiratory distress syndrome from lack of this chemical (artificial surfactant can be squirted into their lungs to help)

surfactant

alveolar _____ cruise through alveoli and go through pores in between the alveoli to eat articulate matter

macrophages

the right and left _____ are soft, spongy, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity; they contain the air passages, alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves of the lower respiratory tract

lungs

the pleural ______ hold the lungs whereas the pleural _____ line the lungs and create a serous membrane containing a parietal pleura and visceral pleura that secrete serous fluid; capillary forces also keep the pleura together

cavities; membranes

the _____ inserts on the “central tendon” and the phrenic nerves lie here; when you breathe, this structure pushes downward on the guts to create more space in the chest

diaphragm

the major events in _____ are as follows:

1. nerve impulses travel on phrenic nerves to muscle fibers in the diaphragm, contracting them

2. as the dome-shaped diaphragm moves downward, the thoracic cavity expands

3. at the same time, the external intercostal muscles may contract, raising the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity further

4. the intra-alveolar pressure decreases

5. atmospheric pressure, greater on the outside, forces air into the respiratory tract through the air passages

6. the lungs fill with air

inspiration

the forces responsible for normal resting _____ come from elastic recoil of lung tissues and from surface tension; these factors increase the intra-alveolar pressure about 1 mmHg above atmospheric pressure, forcing air out of the lungs

expiration

it’s easier to breathe _____ rather than laying down because when you lay down, the guts push up on the diaphragm making it harder for the diaphragm to push them down to expand the chest

sitting up

the major events in _____ are as follows:

1. the diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax

2. elastic tissues of the lungs and thoracic cage that were stretched during inspiration, suddenly recoil, and surface tension collapses alveolar walls

3. tissues recoil around the lungs, increasing intra-alveolar pressure

4. air is squeezed out of the lungs

expiration

_____ refers to a collapsed lung due to an injury like a puncture wound

pneumothroax

an amphibian such as a frog ventilates its lungs by _____ pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea

positive

different degrees of effort in breathing move different volumes of air in and out of the lungs; this measurement of volumes is called _____

spirometry

_____ volume is the volume inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing; it’s about 500mL

tidal

_____ reserve volume is the maximum volume above the tidal volume that we can inhale into our lungs; it’s about 3,000mL

inspiratory

_____ reserve capacity is the maximum volume that we can exhale from our lungs at the end of a normal breath; it’s about 1,100mL

expiratory

_____ volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after a full expiration; it’s about 1,200mL

residual

_____ capacity is all the air breathed in during a maximal inhalation at the end of a normal exhalation; it’s about 3,500mL and = IRV + tidal volume

inspiratory

_____ capacity is all the air breathed out in a maximal exhalation after a normal breath; it’s about 2,300mL and = ERV + tidal volume

expiratory

_____ capacity is the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration; it = ERV + RV

functional residual

_____ capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible; it’s about 4,600mL; it = IRV + ERV + tidal volume

vital

_____ capacity all the air that’s possible for the lungs to contain; it’s about 5,800mL and it = IRV + ERV + RV + tidal volume

total lung

_____ capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can forcibly exhale after taking the deepest breath possible

forced vital

_____ volume in 1 second is the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled in the first second following a maximum inspiration

forced expiratory

_____ is the ease with which the lungs can expand as a result of pressure changes during breathing; if this is low, it indicates a stiff lung and means extra work is required to bring in a normal volume of air - this is called a _____

compliance; fibrotic lung

_____ is a progressive, degeneration disease that destroys alveoli causing big air sacs to form, decreasing surface area and causing less elasticity making it hard to exhale; it’s a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contracted mostly from smoking

emphysema

_____ is air that just goes in and out of the tubes but doesn’t get down to the alveoli; it’s about 150mL

dead space

the volume of new atmospheric air moved into the respiratory passages each minute is _____; 12 breaths/min (breath rate) x 500mL (tidal volume) = 6,000mL/min

minute ventilation

minute ventilation = tidal volume x breathing rate; much of the new air remains in the physiologic dead space, so the (tidal volume - the physiologic dead space) x breathing rate = _____, which is the volume of air that reaches the alveoli, impacting the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli

alveolar ventilation rate

air movements other than breathing are called _____ movements; they clear air passages as in coughing and sneezing, or expressing emotions as in laughing or crying

nonrespiratory

_____ clears the lower respiratory tract whereas _____ clears the upper respiratory tract

coughing; sneezing

within _____, a deep breath is taken, the epiglottis is closed, and air is forced against the closure, then suddenly, the epiglottis is opened and a blast of air passes upward

coughing

_____ is the same as coughing, except air moving upward is directed into the nasal cavity by depressing the uvula

sneezing

during _____, a deep breath is released in a series of short expirations; _____ functions the same way

laughing; crying

during _____, the diaphragm contracts spasmodically while the epiglottis is closed

hiccuping

during _____, a breath is taken

yawning

_____ is an allergic reaction to foreign antigens in the airways; mucus builds up and irritations cause smooth muscles to constrict causing airways to become smaller

asthma

_____ is the most common cancer-related death world wide because lungs are critical to life; they also have a rich blood supply causing the potential to metastasize

lung cancer

the _____ test is a test to determine how big one’s breathing tubes are; if they’re big, there’s little resistance and air can be exhaled fast, but if they’re small it takes a lot of energy to exhale

FEV1/FVC

_____ breathing is a rhythmic, involuntary act that continues when a person is unconscious; respiratory muscles can be controlled voluntarily as well; its about 12-16 breaths/min

normal

groups of neurons in the _____ comprise the respiratory areas that control breathing; impulses travel on cranial and spinal nerves, causing inspiration and expiration; respiratory areas also adjust the rate and depth of breathing

brainstem

the respiratory center is in the _____ and _____; they work together to send the signal down to the _____ nerve in the _____ to coordinate speed and depth of breathing

medulla; pons; phrenic; diaphragm

_____ pressure of O2 (21% of air) is 160mm

partial

air is a mixture of _____ that dissolve in fluids and move from high concentrations to low concentrations

gases

factors that _____ RR include conscious effort, exercise, stress, large decreases in blood levels of O2, and an increase in blood levels of CO2 or H+

increase

factors that _____ RR include stretching of the lungs during inhalation, conscious effort (i.e., holding one’s breath), and sleep

decrease

as CO2 levels rise in the blood it binds with water to create _____ which dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions meaning CO2 is correlated with acidity in the body; therefore, when you hold your breath, CO2 levels build meaning the acidity rises

carbonic acid

_____ chemoreceptors are located in the ventral part of the medulla; they measure the cerebrospinal fluid for CO2 and acidity so as it becomes more acidic, they cause you to breath faster, but if it becomes alkaline, then they inhibit your breathing (CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H(+) + HCO3 -)

central