AMSCO HGAP VOCAB Knowledge Check #1 (4.1-4.3) Terms 1-28 (copy)

AMSCO HGAP VOCAB Knowledge Check #1 (4.1-4.3) Terms 1-28 2022-2023 LHS

Sovereignty

The power of a political unit, or government, to rule over its own affairs

Nation

is a group of people who have certain things in common

Nation-State

nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state

Multinational State

is a country that contains more than one nation

Autonomous Region

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state

Semi-Autonomous Region

A state that has a degree of, but not complete self-rule

Stateless Nation

A group that has no independent political entity

Multi-State Nation

occurs when a nation has a state of its own but stretches across the borders of other states.

Nationalism

A nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own.

Centripetal Forces

those that unify a group of people or a region.

Centrifugal Forces

those that divide a group of people or a region.

Imperialism

Ways of influencing another country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance.

Early Colonialism

The first wave of European colonialism was led by Spain and Portugal, and then by France and Britain. These countries established large empires in the Americas

Later Colonialism

the 19th century, the influence of the Spanish and Portuguese empires declined, which allowed other European countries to launch the second wave of colonization. competition to claim resources (to feed factories) and new markets (to sell goods) resulted in Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Germany seizing control of lands in Africa and Asia.

Berlin Conference

sometimes known as the Congo Conference, used these claims to form state boundaries in Africa with little regard to the existing ethnolinguistic, cultural, and political boundaries.

Self-Determination

The right to choose their own sovereign government without external influence.

Decolonization

The undoing of colonization, in which indigenous people reclaim sovereignty over their territory.

Genocide

Organized mass killing (mainly due to race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality.

Cold War

was a period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Satellite States

or states dominated by one another politically and economically.

Devolution

Process in which the central political unit gives one or more regions increased autonomy.

Geopolitics

Is the study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states.

Territoriality

is a willingness by a person or a group of people to defend the space they claim.

Religious Conflict

States' sovereignty might be well established on paper, but people might not fully accept it.

Economic Self-Determination

The reliance to import a country's majority of goods from the country they got free.

Neocolonialism

Economic, political, or even cultural control was indirectly exerted over developing countries.

Modern Globalization

After World War II and the establishment of the United Nations (UN), trade barriers were dramatically lowered, and a new era of globalization emerged

Choke Point

A place of physical congestion between wider regions of movement and interaction.

Physical Geographic Boundaries

Natural barriers between areas such as oceans, desrts, and mountains (EX: The Missouri River divides Iowa and Nebraska, and the Himalayn Mountains seperate India and China)

Cultural Boundaries

A divide in people according to some cutlural division such as language, religion, or ethnicity. (Ex: In China, cuisine was once divided into two regions, wheat-based in teh north and rice-based in the south)

Antecedent Boundary

A type of boundary preceded the development of the cutlural landscape

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary taht is typicaly created while the cutlural landscape is evolving and is subject to change over time. These boundaries are characteristically ethnographic in nature.

Ethnographic

Relation to cutlural phenomena (accomodations for ethnic, religious, linguistic, or economic differences among groups)

Superimposed Boundary

A type of boundary that is drawn by outside powers and may have ignored existing cultural patterns (Ex: THe Berlin Conference paved the way for oclonization of Africa what Europeans regarded as “effective occupation” when around 80% of the continent was under traditional and local control)

Landlocked States

Land without territory connected to an ocean (Chad is a landlocked country which increased cost of importing and exporting goods through neighboring countries)

Relic Boundary

A boundary that has been abandoned for political purposes, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape. (Sometimes preserved for historic purposes like teh great wall of China)

Geometric Boundary

A straight line or arc drawn by people taht does not closely follow any physical faeature (Ex: The border between Egypt and Sudan)

Cultural Consequent Boundary

A border that is drawn taking into account language, ethnicity, religion or toher cultural traits. (Ex: The border between India and Pakistan)

Physical Consequent Boundary

A divisiont aht uses already-exisitng natural features that divide a territory such as rivers, deserts, or moutnains. (Ex: THe border between Texas and Mexico)

Open Boundary

A border that is unguarded which people can cross it easily, with little or no political intervention. These borders only occur between countries taht have maintained friendly relations with each other long epriods or the time. (Like Most of Europe)

Militarized Boundary

One that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing. While amny of these borders only have limited military presence, others are fortified, using a constructed barrier to prevent the flow of people. (like USA and Mexico)

Defined Boundary

Established by a legal document, such as a treaty, that divides one entity from another. (Like the boundaries of real estate)

Delimited Boundary

A drawn map by a cartographer to show the limits of space

Demarcated Boundary

One identified by physical objects placed on the landscape (Like a sign or a set of fences/walls)

Definitional Boundary Dispute

When two or more parties disagree how tho interpret the legal documents (Ex: boundary between Chile and Argentina)

Locational Boundary Idspute

Also called territorial disputes, boundary disputes that center on where a boundary should be how it is delitnited (mapped), or deniarcate (post-world war I boundary between Germany and Poland)

Irrdentism

A type of expansionism when one country seeks to annex territory where it has cultural ties to part of the population or historical claims to the land

Operational Boundary Dispute

Also called a functional dispute centers not on where a boundary is but how it functions. Disagreements can arise related to trade, transportation, or migration. (As refugees, fled Syria, and attempted to enter Europe during the 2011 civil war, Europeans viewed theri national boundaries differently)

Allocational Boundary Dispute

Also called a Resource Dispute, the extraction of subterranean resources extending on both sides of the boundary (Ex: Iraq invaded Kuwait because it claimed that the Kuwaitis were drilling too many wells using directional drillign to get oil from Iraqs calims)

Administered Boundary

How a boundary will be maintined, how it will function, and what goods and people will be allowed to cross.

Controlled Borders

What allows some peopel adn goods to traverse the border whiel denying entry to others. (Ex: United Kingdom left the EU creating a more controlled border between itself and mainland Europe)

Exclaves

A territories that are part of a state yet geogrpahically seperated from teh main state by one or more countries (Ex: Alaska is seperated from teh lower 48 states)

Political Enclaves

States, territories or parts of a state or territory that are completely surrounded by the territory of another state (Ex: San Marino and Vatican City are completely engulfed by italy)

Shatterbelt

A place located between two very different and contentious regions. These places are under consistent stress and may suffer instability or fragmentation due to the external agression (Ex: Eastern Europe has historiclaly been a shatterbelt between Western Europe and Russia)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Gives the country laws to follow when defending their country

Territorial Sea

An area that extends up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty where commerical vessels may pass, but noncommerical vessels be challenged. A nautical mile is equal to 1.15 land-measured miles.

Contingous Zone

Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles where they can enforce laws on customs immigrationa dn sanitation.

Exculsive Economic Zone (EEZ)

Coastal states can explore, extract minerals, and manage natural resources up to 200 nautical miles.

High Seas

Water beyond any country’s EEZ that is open to all states

Small Island Developing State (SIDS)

controsl enarly 30% of all oceans and seas (Are smaller than EEZ)

Internal Boundaries

Are used at the subnational scale to divide countries into smalelr units (Ex: States, counties, cities, and local districts)

Electoral Geography

When using spatial thinking techniques and tools to analyze elections and voting patterns

Voting Disticts

Internal boundaries that divide a country’s electorate into subnational regions

Electorate

People of a country who are elegible to vote

Census

A count of the population, every 10 years, to ensure the national congressional districts have approximately the same number of people

Reapportionment

Chagnign the number of representatives granted to each state so it reflects the state population

Redistricting

The action of redrawing district boundaries so that each district contians roughly the same number of people

Gerrymandering

The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the party in power to protect or increase its power

Cracking

A type of gerrymandering, dispersing a group into serval districts to prevent a majority

Packing

A type of gerrymandering, combining like-minded voters into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts.

Stacking

A type of gerrymandering, diluting a minority populated dsitrict with majority populations

Hijacking

A type of gerrymandering, redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other.

Kidnapping

A type of gerrymandering, moving an area where an elected representative has supported to an area where he/she does not have support

Federal State

Unites seperate politi cal entities into an overarching system

Unitary State

Most or all of the governing pwoer is held by the national government

Annexation

The proccess of legally adding territory to a city

Devolution

The transfer of some political power from the central government to subnational levels of government. (Used to keep a country united but still grant some powers to calm the people down/ reduce political tension)

Ethnic Separatism

is the advocacy of full political separation (or secession) from the larger group along cultural, ethnic, tribal, or governmental lines.

Ethnic Cleansing

a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent or terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.

Terrorism

s organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets to create fear for the advancement of political goals. (commonly used by non-governmental groups that do not have an army.)

Irredentism

is a movement to unite people who share a language or other cultural elements but are divided by a national boundary. (Nagorno-Karabakh demanded that they be allowed to join the country of Armenia, which supported their demands.)

Autonomous Regions

Have their own local and legislative bodies to govern a region with a population that is an ethnic minority within the entire country. (Like a Us states or like local goverments)

Subnationalism

describes people who have a primary allegiance to a traditional group or ethnicity.

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines

Globalization

is the integration of markets, states, communication, and trade on a worldwide scale.

Supranationalism

The practice of multiple countries forming an organization for the benenfit of all members (WHO, NATO, UN, EU, ASEAN, WTO, OPEC)

United Nations (UN)

Made in 1945, 193 states: most countries of the world and two others as non-member observer states. To promote peace, security and human rights. Headquarters: New York

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Made in 1949, 30 states: United States, Canada, Iceland, most countries in western and central Europe, and Turkey. To provide mutual defense of member states. Headquarters: • Brussels, Belgium

European Union (EU)

Made in 1993, 27 states: mostly countries in western and central Europe .To integrate member states politically and economically. Head quarters: Brussels, Belgium

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), 2020 formerly NAFTA (1994-2019)

Made in 2020, 3 states: United States, Mexico, and Canada To stimulate free trade among members. Headquarters: Washington, DC • Mexico City • Ottawa, Canada

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Made in 1967, 10 states: countries from SE Asia. To advance economic growth, peace, social progress, and cultural and economic development in the region. Headquarters Jakarta, Indonesia

Arctic Council

Made in 1996, 8 states: Only countries with territory in the Arctic— Canada, Russia, the United States, and countries of northern Europe . To foster cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states with participation of Arctic indigenous communities . Headquarters • Tromsø, Norway

African Union

Made in 2002, 55 states: all countries in Africa.To advocate peace, security, and stability on the continent through greater cooperation, economic development, and global integration. Headquarters Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • Johannesburg, South Africa

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The goal of the WTO is to have countries agree to a set of fair and non-discriminatory guidelines for international trade. A secondary goal of the WTO is to ensure that trade flows smoothly, freely, and predictibly.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Focuses on the production of oil, or petroleum. To coordinate and unify its members' petroleum policies in order to stabilize oil markets.

Transnational Corporations

Companies that conduct business on a global scale, has dramatically weakened state sovereignty.

Democratization

the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative.

Time-Space Compression

The greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation

Centrifugal Forces

those that divide a group of people or a region. These forces can pull apart societies, nations, and states, and are essentially centripetal forces in reverse.

Centripetal Forces

those that unify a group of people or a region. These forces may include a common language and religion, a shared heritage and history, ethnic unity and tolerance, a just and fair legal system, a charismatic leader, or any other unifying aspect of culture.