UofT POL109 Exam Study Guide (Bertoldi)

What major conflict involved unprecedented power and mass conscription?

The Napoleonic Wars

What key concepts were intertwined during the Napoleonic Wars?

Power and justice, particularly regarding political legitimacy

What institutional framework was established around 1815-1914 to address conflict resolution?

The Concert of Europe

What are the two famous definitions of power in international relations?

1. Robert Dahl: A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would otherwise not do. 2. Max Weber: Probability that one actor within a social relationship will carry out his own will despite resistance.

What elements can be considered as resources of power?

Population, territory, wealth, armies, navies, etc.

What does the term 'cultural genocide' illustrate in the context of power?

The power of controlling agendas

What is the empirical vs normative theory distinction in studies of justice?

Empirical justice focuses on what is, while normative theory focuses on what ought to be.

What is the fundamental theoretical division in global justice theories?

Cosmopolitan theories claim duties of justice are global, while communitarian theories claim they apply only within sovereign states.

What do realists in international relations often prioritize?

The pursuit of power and interests, sometimes at the expense of justice.

What does Edward Hallett Carr argue about realism?

Consistent realism fails to provide grounds for purposive or meaningful action.

How does Martin Wight define the relationship between power and authority?

Power is not self-justifying; it must be justified by reference to some source outside itself.

What does John Locke argue about the relationship between force and right?

Force without right creates a state of war; the aggressor has no right over the conquered.

What is the central question regarding the relationship between might and right?

How are power and justice related, and is this relationship unique to international relations?

What metaphor is used to describe the instructor's role in bridging concepts in the course?

A bridge metaphor

What does W.B. Gallie suggest about essentially contested concepts?

Arguments about the meaning of a concept contribute to our understanding and evaluation of the systems to which it is applied.

What does the Time of India article suggest about foreign policy and moral right?

In foreign policy, there is no moral right or wrong, just self-interest and might.

What historical event does the Globe and Mail editorial compare to contemporary foreign policy?

The Peloponnesian War, specifically Athens' demand to Melos.

What does the phrase 'the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must' imply?

It reflects the power dynamics in international relations as noted by Thucydides.

What is the central theme of Trumpism as discussed in relation to Ukraine?

The theme revolves around the idea of might and right, particularly in the context of power dynamics between nations.

What did Vladimir Putin state regarding Russia's objectives in Ukraine?

Putin stated that Russia is willing to fight to achieve all its objectives if Ukraine does not agree to a deal.

What warning did Putin give to the West regarding military involvement in Ukraine?

Putin warned the West not to consider sending soldiers, including peacekeepers, to Ukraine.

How does the Melian Dialogue relate to the current situation in Ukraine?

The Melian Dialogue illustrates a stark choice between subjugation or destruction, paralleling the demands placed on Ukraine by external powers.

Who was Thucydides?

Thucydides was an exiled Athenian general and the author of 'The History of the Peloponnesian War,' regarded as the first historian.

What are the two famous moments Thucydides is known for in International Relations?

The Melian Dialogue and the causes of war.

What does the standard realist interpretation of the Melian Dialogue suggest?

It suggests that might makes right, characterizing international relations as a realm of unrestrained pursuit of power and interests.

What is the significance of the phrase 'the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept'?

It encapsulates the realist perspective on power dynamics as articulated by the Athenians in the Melian Dialogue.

What was the outcome for Melos after the Athenian siege?

Melos surrendered unconditionally, and the Athenians executed all military-age men and enslaved women and children.

What does Thucydides suggest about the relationship between power and justice?

He implies that the proper use of power should promote justice and excellence, challenging the notion that might alone dictates outcomes.

What is the Peloponnesian War Chronology?

First Peloponnesian War (461 BC - 445 BC), Thirty Years' Peace (circa 445 BC - 431 BC), Second Peloponnesian War (431 BC - 404 BC).

What does the phrase 'proper use of power' refer to in the context of Thucydides' work?

It refers to the idea that power should be exercised to promote justice and the common good, rather than merely for self-interest.

What does Bertoldi's alternative interpretation of the Melian Dialogue emphasize?

It emphasizes the connection between power and justice, arguing that the proper use of power is essential for civil unity and stability.

What lesson can be drawn from the Athenian defeat in the Peloponnesian War?

The internal strife and failure to maintain civil unity contributed significantly to Athens' eventual defeat.

What does Thucydides suggest about the consequences of failing to treat others with moderation?

He suggests that failing to treat others with moderation can lead to disastrous outcomes, as seen in the fate of Melos.

What is the significance of the Melian Dialogue in understanding power dynamics?

It serves as a historical example of the harsh realities of power politics and the choices faced by weaker states.

What does Thucydides mean by 'the equality of power to compete'?

It refers to the idea that justice in international relations depends on the balance of power among states.

What does Thucydides imply about the role of internal unity in a state's strength?

He implies that internal unity and strong domestic institutions are crucial for a state's ability to wield power effectively.

How does Thucydides view the relationship between power and excellence?

He views the pursuit of excellence as a necessary component of legitimate power, suggesting that true strength includes moral considerations.

What is the tragic narrative of Athenian decline linked to?

It is linked to the events starting from the siege of Melos and the subsequent failures during the Peloponnesian War.

What does Thucydides suggest about the consequences of power without justice?

He suggests that power exercised without justice can lead to internal decay and eventual downfall.

What is the main question raised regarding the Melian Dialogue?

Is the Melian Dialogue an instance of victory for Athenian power at the expense of justice?

What is considered shameful in the ancient Greek context regarding power?

Breaking norms that protect the oppressed.

What are power and justice described as in POL109?

Essentially contested concepts.

What does contestation in concepts draw attention to?

How arguments about a concept contribute to its understanding.

Which dialogue is often cited as an example of 'might makes right'?

Thucydides' Melian dialogue.

What do the Athenians claim in the Melian dialogue?

The strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they must.

What is the Athenians' standard of justice according to Prof Bertoldi?

It depends on the equality of power to compel.

What is the principled use of power according to the Athenians?

To promote excellence and pay attention to justice.

What does Thucydides' quote about Athenian power and Spartan fear suggest?

The growth of Athenian power made war inevitable due to fear in Sparta.

What is the 'Thucydides trap'?

The danger that arises when a rising power threatens to displace a ruling power.

What does Allison argue about the Thucydides trap?

It suggests that war is likely when a rising power threatens a ruling power.

What is a major concern regarding US-China relations?

They are on a collision course for war unless difficult actions are taken.

What does the term 'values based realism' refer to?

A strategic posture that balances principled commitments with pragmatic engagement.

What does Mark Carney suggest about middle powers?

They must act together to avoid being sidelined in great power rivalries.

What does Joseph Nye say about international politics over time?

Some aspects of international relations have not changed since Thucydides.

What does Thucydides claim about his work?

It aims to help understand past events that will repeat in the future.

What does the phrase 'the strong do what they can, and the weak suffer what they must' imply?

It reflects a realist view of international relations and power dynamics.

What is the relevance of economic capability in national power?

It provides a substructure for national power according to the Thucydides trap analysis.

What critique does Welch offer regarding the Thucydides trap?

He questions whether China can exercise hegemonic functions soon.

What does Xi Jinping say about the Thucydides trap?

He emphasizes the need to work together to avoid it.

What does the term 'security dilemma' refer to in the context of rising powers?

The structural stress that can lead to conflict when a rising power threatens a ruling power.

What is the significance of Thucydides' timeless wisdom?

It highlights enduring truths about power dynamics in international relations.

What does the phrase 'the power of legitimacy, integrity, and rules' suggest?

These elements remain strong in international relations despite the rise of hard power.

What does Thucydides' work aim to provide for students of international relations?

Useful insights for understanding past and future events in international politics.

What does the term 'great power rivalry' refer to?

The competitive dynamics between major global powers that can lead to conflict.

What is the primary military capability of China?

China has the world's largest standing army and deploys strategic nuclear weapons.

What is China's approach to international relations?

China's approach is transactional, non-ideological, and pragmatic, with a strong promotion of non-interference.

According to Thucydides, what initiated the war between the Athenians and the Peloponnesians?

The war began when the Athenians and Peloponnesians broke the Thirty Years Truce.

What does Thucydides identify as the real cause of the war?

The growth of Athenian power and the fear it caused in Sparta.

What were the proximate causes of the war mentioned by Thucydides?

Colonial disputes such as Epidamnus, the Athenian siege of Potidea, and the Athenian decree against Megara.

What three motives did the Athenians cite for their actions?

Security, honour, and self-interest.

What did Sthenelaidas argue for in the debate at Sparta?

He argued for war, claiming the Athenians were acting aggressively against Spartan allies.

How did Corinthians describe the differences between Spartans and Athenians?

They noted that Athenians are innovators who take risks and act quickly, contrasting with Spartan caution.

What was William Tecumseh Sherman's view on war?

He described war as hell and cruelty that cannot be refined.

What did Florence Nightingale say about the horrors of war?

She highlighted the chaos, brutality, and moral degradation that accompany war.

What is Augustine's perspective on the nature of war?

He blamed the desire for harm, cruelty of revenge, and the lust for domination as justly blamed in wars.

What historical context influenced Augustine's writings?

The Christianization of the Roman Empire, the sack of Rome in 410, and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Who was Augustine and what was his significant work?

Augustine was a North African Roman and Bishop of Hippo, known for his work 'City of God'.

What was Aquinas's contribution to theology?

Aquinas authored 'Summa Theologica', a foundational work of Catholic theology.

What was the impact of war on societal standards according to Thucydides?

War lowers societal standards by forcing people into situations where they act against their nature.

What did a Canadian journalist observe about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?

Most Israelis can identify with locations of attacks, while Palestinians recount personal losses due to violence.

What did an Israeli peace activist say about public perception of peace?

He noted that people often do not understand discussions about peace due to entrenched views.

How did a young Palestinian law student view Israeli civilians?

He claimed that all Israelis are military and armed, perceiving them as threats.

What sentiment did a Palestinian housewife express about her feelings of hate?

She described her growing anger and hatred as overwhelming and difficult to articulate.

What was the significance of the Thirty Years Truce in Thucydides' account?

It was a critical agreement that, when broken, led to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.

What does the term 'ruse of Athenian power' refer to in Thucydides' analysis?

It refers to the deceptive strength of Athens that instilled fear in Sparta, leading to war.

What does Augustine's letter against Faustus discuss regarding war?

It critiques the motivations behind war, emphasizing the moral failings of those who wage it.

What is a common theme in the quotes about war from various figures?

They all highlight the suffering, brutality, and moral degradation associated with warfare.

What role did alliances play in the causes of the Peloponnesian War?

Alliances escalated colonial disputes, such as the conflict over Epidamnus.

What is the significance of the phrase 'war is hell'?

It encapsulates the profound suffering and destruction caused by war, as articulated by Sherman.

What does the debate at Sparta reveal about the attitudes towards war?

It shows a division between caution and aggression, reflecting differing priorities among leaders.

How did the experiences of war shape the perspectives of individuals involved?

Personal experiences of loss and violence led to deep-seated emotions and perceptions about the enemy.

How does Niebuhr categorize Aquinas in contrast to Augustine?

Niebuhr places Aquinas as an 'idealist' and Augustine as a 'realist'.

Why is Aquinas considered an idealist?

Aquinas is seen as an idealist because he overestimates the capacity of human reason to align with divine will, especially in ethics and politics.

What distinction does Augustine make between Christians and non-Christians?

Augustine distinguishes between the 'city of man' and the 'city of God', acknowledging the sinful nature of humans.

What historical contexts did Augustine and Aquinas operate in?

Augustine lived during the war and collapse of Rome, while Aquinas lived during a stable order of papal supremacy.

What central theme do both Augustine and Aquinas emphasize in their analyses?

Both thinkers place justice at the center of their analysis and are foundational figures for war theory.

What does Augustine say about kingdoms and justice?

Augustine argues that without justice, kingdoms are merely bands of robbers, governed by authority and bound by a pact.

How does Augustine define justice?

Justice exists when the supreme God rules his obedient city according to his grace.

What is Augustine's view on the Roman Republic?

Augustine concludes that Rome was never a true republic because it lacked justice.

What does Augustine say about the nature of peace?

Augustine states that peace lies in the tranquility of order, where equal and unequal things are properly arranged.