cramming ap world

Who founded Christianity

Jesus and disciple Paul

Sacred text of Christianity

The bible

AP loves this with Christianity

Monotheistic welcomes Women and children

Who founded Judaism

Abraham

Sacred texts of Judaism

Torah

AP loves this with Judaism

Disaporic communities, and monotheism

Did Jews have to spread faith

No

Who founded Islam

Muhammad

Beliefs of Islam

Monotheism and five pillars and displaced Zoroastrianism

Sacred texts of Islam

Quran

AP loves (Islam)

Monotheism and displaced Zoroastrianism

5 pillars

Submission - Allah is god, and Mohammed is his prophet

Prayer five times a day facing Mecca

Fasting during Ramadan

Charity - Alms to the poor

Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

Who founded Hinduism

Nobody knows

Beliefs of Hinduism

Many forms of one god, karma and Reincarnation

Sacred texts of Hinduism

The vedas and many other

AP loves

Rigid caste system

Cultural unity in India

What are the castes

Brahmans, Kyshatrias, Vaisha, and Sundras, and Pariahs

Who were Brahmans

Priests and religious leaders

Who were Kyshatrias

Warriors and political leaders

Who were Vaisha

Crafts people and Merchants

Who were sundras

Farmers

Who were Pariahs

Untouchables

What is Dharma

Duty

What’s an avatar

Someone/Something that takes on a different form

What is Moshka

An escape from reincarnation to be one with the universe

Who founded buddhism

Siddhartha Gautama

Beliefs of Buddhism

Four noble truths and the eightfold path

Sacred texts of Buddhism

Many, but generally short and accessible

Ap loves (Buddhism)

Rejected caste system, Monastatic communities, Spread on trade routes, and welcomed women and lower class

What is Theraveda

Original

What is Mahayana Buddhism

Monks meditate for you, and you can access it easier

What are the four noble truths

All life is suffering

The cost of suffering is desire

The only way to stop suffering is to stop desire

To remove desire is to follow the eightfold path

Who was Confucus

He was the son of a wealthy military general

Who founded Confucianism

Confucus

Problems with Confucius

Dad died, left him poor, was ugly, and tall, and hard to get along with

What are the 5 Confucian relationships

Ruler - Subject

Husband - Wife

Father - Son

Old - Young

Friend - Friend

Filalpiety

Extreme respect for your parents and elders, especially those within your family

What caused the collapse of the Gupta state in Northern India

The invasions of the Huns from central Asia, beginning in 451 CE, followed by chaos, local power struggles and invasions of turkish nomads

When did King Harsha Rule? and what was his religious Affiliaton

From 606-648 CE and was Buddhist by faith while remaining religiously tolerant

When did Arabs Conquer Sind (North West India), bringing Islam to Northern India

711 CE

What were King Harsha’s contributions

He wrote three plays and was a patron of the Arts

Which region in North West India was conqured by Arabs in 711 CE

Sind

Until what year was Sind held by the Abbasid dynasty despite its Heterodox population

Until 1258

Until what century did Arabic Merchants dominate the trade between India and the West

the 15th century

What is an example of a local community established by Arabic traders?

Cambay

During what years did Mahmud of Ghanzi Launch his raids into india

1001-1027

What did Mahmud of Ghazni do to Hindu/Buddhist temples?

Plundered and destroyed them, often building mosques on top of the ruins

What territory was consolidated from Mahmud’s raiding territories?

Sultanate of Delhi

What year did the Sultanate of Delhi rule Northern India

1206-1526

What Administrative challenges did the sultanate of Delhi face?

Weak administrative structures that relied on the cooperation of Hindu kings, and 19/35 of the sultans were assasinated

What were the dates and Charchteristics of Chola Kingdom?

850, Maritime power and not highly centralized

What occurred during the kingdom of VIjanjar in 1336

Leaders renounced Islam while maintaining relations with the Delhi of Sultanate

How do the Moonsoon wind shift between the spring/summer, and fall/winter season

The spring/summer brings wind from the south-west, fall/winter brings a dry season with winds from the north/east

What massive construction projects were undertaken to avoid drought, famine, especially in southern india

Reservoirs,canals,tunnels

While regional economies were largely self-sufficent, what specific products were traded throughout the subcontinent of Southern India

Iron,copper,salt,and pepper

How did Southern India react to political instability in the north

Southern India profited from the political instability in the North?

Besides serving as religious centers, what roles did Indian temples fulfill in society?

Coordinated irrigation,agriculturalal work, held large landholdings,provided educational,and offered banking services

What larger types of ships became prominent during the post-classical expansion of trade

Dhows and Junks

What are emporia in the context of Indian Ocean Trade

Cosmopolitan port cities that served as warehouses for trade

When was the Kingdom of Axum founded, and what major religion did it adopt?

Founded in the 1st century CE; it adopted Christianity

How did Axum affect the kingdom of Kush?

It displaced Kush as the Egyptian link to the south and destroyed the Kushan capital Meroë around 360 CE.

What developments challenged traditional caste and society during this era?

Migrations, the growth of Islam, urbanization, and economic development. 

How did the caste system adapt and spread during this time?

It expanded from north to south, promoted by temples and the educational system, and saw the development of jatis (subcastes similar to worker's guilds). 

Why was Buddhism displaced in northern India during this period?

What specific event occurred in 1196 regarding Buddhist institutions?

Muslim forces destroyed the library of Nalanda, leading to the exile of thousands of monks. 

What fueled the development of Hinduism during this era?

The growth of devotional cults centered particularly on Vishnu and Shiva, which offered the promise of salvation. 

Who was Shankara, and what was his philosophical approach?

A 9th-century Brahmin philosopher and devotee of Shiva who synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form and favored rigorous logical analysis over emotional devotion.

How did Ramanuja differ from Shankara?

Ramanuja (11th–early 12th c.) challenged Shankara's heavy emphasis on intellect and laid the philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism. 

How many converts to Islam were there in India by 1500, and what fraction of the population did they represent?

25 million converts, representing one-fourth of the total population.

Did lower-caste Hindus achieve social advancement by converting to Islam?

Rarely; because whole castes or jatis converted together, their social status remained consistent. 

What approach did Sufis bring to Islam, and what role did they play in India?

They brought a personal, emotional, and devotional approach to Islam and served as important missionaries who were flexible regarding local customs. 

What was the goal of the Bhakti movement that began in 12th-century southern India?

To bring Hinduism and Islam closer together. 

What did Guru Kabir (1440-1518) teach as part of this movement?

He taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of one Deity (though the movement was largely unsuccessful). 

Since what time period has Indian influence been evidenced in Southeast Asia, and what core elements were shared?

Dating from 500 BCE, influences included concepts of kingship, religions (Hinduism, Buddhism), and literature (though the caste system was less influential)

What were the locations and dates for Funan and the Kingdom of Srivijaya?

Funan was on the lower Mekong River (1st–6th c. CE), and Srivijaya was centered in Sumatra (670–1025 CE). 

What kingdom was established in Cambodia from 889 to 1431 CE?

The Kingdom of Angkor, known for its magnificent religious city complexes. 

How did Islam spread among early populations in Southeast Asia?

Through early Muslim traders and increasing popularity via Sufi activity, with many converts retaining some Hindu or Buddhist traditions.

Who founded the State of Melaka in the late 14th century CE?

A rebellious prince of Sumatra.

What religion did the State of Melaka adopt in the mid-15th century while dominating maritime trade routes?

Islam

When and where was Muhammad born, and what was his early background?

Born about 570 C.E. to a merchant family in Mecca; he was orphaned as a child, married a wealthy widow around 595 C.E., and worked as a merchant.

What religious traditions was Muhammad familiar with while growing up in the Arabian peninsula?

Paganism, Christianity, and Judaism. 

When did Muhammad experience his spiritual visions, and who did he encounter?

Around 610 C.E., he encountered the archangel Gabriel, which led to the message of monotheism centered on Allah. 

What is the Quran?

A record of the revelations Muhammad received during his visions, which was committed to writing around 650 C.E. (after Muhammad died in 632 C.E.).

What are the traditions detailing Muhammad's life called?

Hadith

Why did Muhammad's teachings create conflict in Mecca?

His monotheistic teachings offended polytheistic pagans, threatened the existing religious industry, and his denunciation of greed was an affront to the local aristocracy

Where did Muhammad flee in 622 C.E., and what does this event mark?

He fled to Yathrib (Medina), which serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar.

What was the umma?

A communal society organized by Muhammad for his followers, featuring a legal and spiritual code, commerce, and raids on Meccan caravans for the sake of the umma

How was Muhammad viewed regarding previous prophets in the Abrahamic tradition?

He was considered the final prophet (the "Seal of the Prophets"), accepting the authority of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus while holding Hebrew scriptures and the Christian New Testament in high esteem

What occurred when Muhammad attacked Mecca in 630 C.E.?

Mecca converted to Islam, pagan sites were destroyed and replaced with mosques, and the Ka'ba was preserved and approved as a pilgrimage site.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Declaration of faith (no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet)

Daily prayer while facing Mecca

Fasting during daylight hours of Ramada

Alms for the relief of the weak and poor

Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) 

What are the two main meanings of jihad *Struggle*

A spiritual struggle against vice and ignorance of Islam, and a "holy war" against unbelievers who threaten Islam

What is the sharia, and what is it based on?

It is the codification of Islamic law based on the Quran, hadith, and logical schools of analysis, extending beyond ritual law to all human activity.

Who was chosen to lead as the first caliph after Muhammad's death without a clear successor?

Abu Bakr, who led a war against villagers who abandoned Islam after Muhammad's death. 

What military successes and governance challenges marked early Islamic expansion?

Highly successful attacks on Byzantine and Sasanid territories, paired with difficulties in governing the rapidly expanding territory

How did the split between Shia and Sunni Muslims originate?

Disagreements over the selection of caliphs arose when Ali was passed over for Abu Bakr; after Ali served as the fourth caliph (656–661 C.E.) and was assassinated, his remaining followers formed a separate party called the "Shia," while traditionalists became known as the "Sunni"

Where did the Umayyad dynasty originate, what was their capital, and who did they represent?

They came from the Meccan merchant class, established their capital in Damascus, Syria, and were closely associated with an Arab military aristocracy

What factors contributed to the discontent and decline of the Umayyad dynasty?

Favoritism toward Arab military rulers caused discontent, social mobility for non-Arab Muslims was limited, non-Muslims were subjected to a head tax (jizya), and the Umayyads' luxurious living eroded their moral authority. 

Who was Abu al-Abbas, and what dynasty did he found?

A Sunni Arab allied with Shia and non-Arab Muslims who seized Persia and Mesopotamia, defeated the Umayyad army in 750 C.E., massacred remaining Umayyads at a banquet, and founded the Abbasid dynasty. 

How did the Abbasid administration differ from the Umayyads?

It had a diverse administration that was not exclusively Arab, and rather than focusing on aggressive imperial expansion, they focused on administering the inherited empire and growing dar al-Islam

What external influences and administrative positions shaped Abbasid rule?

Heavy Persian influence with a court at Baghdad, alongside Islamic scholars like the ulama ("people with religious knowledge") and qadis ("judges") who developed policy based on the Quran and sharia