Animal Life Final

Protist

eukaryotic cells, not a plant/animal/fungus, motile and sessile, unicelluar or multicellular

radial symmetry

2 dimensional, can cut animal in half on 2 axes or planes to produce mirror images

bilateral symmetry

1 dimensional, can cut along 1 axis to produce mirror images

anterior

head end

posterior

tail/anus end

dorsal

where backbone/spinal column is in vertebrates

ventral

belly side

spherical symmetry

3 dimensional, produce mirror images on all 3 axes, mostly found in protists and some radiolarians

asymmetry

no way to bisect organism to get mirror images ex. amoeba

alveolata

possess alveoli (small, sac-like structures, just cell membrane provides shape and structure)

Apicomplexa Alveolata

intracellular parasite, possess apical complex (used to enter host cell)

ex. plasmodium and toxoplasma

Ciliophora Alveolata

cilia bearing, 1 macro nucleus, at least 1 micro nucleus, asymmetric or bilateral symmetry, heterotrophic, contractile vacuole ( regulates water in cell), trichiocysts (gel that hardens in contact with water, long bristle-like structures

Foraminifera Rhizaria

long thin net-like pseudopodia (temporary extensions of cytoplasm), tests/shells made of calcium carbonate, tests are often chambered, some photosynthetic endosymbiont, bilateral symmetry

Radiolaria Rhizaria

long thin stiff pseudopodia, microtubule inside tests/shells made of silicon dioxide (glass), endoskeleton, spherical/radial/bilateral symmetry, pseudopodia important for buoyancy and collecting food, some have photosynthetic endosymbiont

Excavata Rhizaria

unique mitochondrial structure or no mitochondrial structure, crystalline rod that runs next to flagella, reproduces asexually

ex. trypanosoma

Euglenozoa Rhizaria

euglena, mixotroph

Gymnomoeba Amoeba

no shell, broad flowing pseudopodia, asymmetrical

Zygote

fertilized egg

Cleavage

rapid cell division, essentially no time spent in G1 phase of cell cyle

Blastula

hollow ball of cells

Gastrula

begin formation of digestive system

Ectoderm

body covering central nervous system (CNS)

Endoderm

lining of gut

Mesoderm

muscle, bone, other connective tissues, blood

Triploblastic

have 3 fundamental tissues

Acoelomate

lacking body cavity, ex. platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Pseudocoelomate

false body cavity, ex. nematoda (round worms)

Coelomate

body cavity, ex. annelida (segmented worms)

Porifera (sponges)

pore possessing, no tissues, no nervous systems, choanocytes (collar cells), spongin and spicules, radial symmetry/asymmetrical, suspension or filter feeders, sexual/asexual(budding to form gemmules), some photosynthetic endosymbiont

Eumetazoa

diploblastic (at least 2 layers of tissue), nerve net nervous system, radial symmetry, polyp and medusa life cycle stages, complete digestive system

ex. cnidaria

Choanocytes

set up water current that carries food and oxygen into animal, carries waster and carbon dioxide away

Epidermis

outer tissue layer

Gastrodermis

inner layer, contains cells that secrete digestive enzyme into gastrovascular cavity

Mesoglea

a matrix between epidermis and gastrodermis

Nerve Net

net-like connections, no concentration of nerve cells in one area, non-cephalized (concentration of nerve and sensory cells all in the same place

Bilateria

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic

Lophotrochozoa

lophophore possessing (horseshoe shaped feeding structure with cilia), tracophore larvae

Ecdysozoa

molting animal/molts the outer body covering

Platyhelminthes Ecdysozoa

flat worm, bilateral symmetry, cephalized, auricles (chemosensory), triploblastic, acoelomate, incomplete digestive system, flame cell excretory system, vous system (anterior brain ganglia 2 lateral nerve cords with transverse nerves), both reproductive systems present, fragmentation, no respiratory/circulatory/skeletal

Cestoda Ecdysozoa

tape worms, scolex (attachment organ), no digestive system

Trematoda Ecdysozoa

flukes

Mollusks

sexual repro, excretory system (1 or 2 kidneys), respiratory system (gills or lung), tracophore type larva, open circulatory system (heart, blood vessels \[blood leaves a vessel and moves through sinuses in body\]), closed circulatory system (heart, many blood vessels, blood always inside vessels, present in cephalopods)

Pearls

irritant is covered by layers of nacre, secreted by mantle

Polyplacophora

chitons, many plate bearing

Gastropoda

snails, nudibranks, stomach foot, shifting the center of gravity and torsion

Bivalvia

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, two shells

Annelida

segmented worms; ring = annel, complete digestive system, coelomate, nervous system (anterior brain, ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia), closed circulatory system, monoecious and dioecious, hydrostatic skeleton, respiratory system (gills in some, all do cutaneous respiration), cephalized

Segmentation

metamirism, serial repetition of body structures repeated along the length of the body

Setae

anaetae ; bristles

Parapoda

paddle-like locomotion and increased surface area for cutaeneous respiration

Nephridia

excretory tubules

Oligochaetes Annelida

earth worms, sedentary marine annelids in tubes, gills

Cephalopoda Annelida

cephalized, head foot, squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus, foot highly modified into arms and tentacles, closed circulatory system

Hirudinea Annelida

leeches, saliva contains an anesthetic and an anticoagulant (no blood clotting) (hirudin)

Nematoda Ecdysozoa

pseudocoelomate, not segmented, hydrostatic skeleton, longitudinal muscles only, complete digestive system, excretory canal in lateral lines, repro (some dioecious, some hermaphrodites), nervous system (2 nerve cords, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral), no circulatory or respiratory systems

Nematomorpha Ecdysozoa

horse hair worms, molts cuticle, pseudocoelomate, hydrostatic skeleton with longitudinal muscles, no circulatory respiratory or excretory systems, ventral nerve cords, dioecious

Tardigrada Ecdysozoa

water bears

Onycophora Ecdysozoa

velvet worms, claw bearing, molt the cuticle, paired appendages, 1 pair antennae, 1 pair eyes, 1 pair oral papillae, excretory (nephridia), complete digestive system, open circulatory system, hydrostatic skeleton, coelomate, ventral nerve cord, dioecious

Arthropoda

jointed appendages, molt the cuticle, tagmata (several segements fused together into large body regions), coelomate, cephalized, respiratory (gills, trachea, book gills, or book lungs), open circulatory system, excretory system (malpighian tubules, antennal glands, or mandibular glands), dioecious

Trilobita Arthropoda

Trilobites, extinct arthropods

Chelicerata Arthropoda

mouth part chelicerae, arachnids, horseshoe crabs

Miriopoda Arthropoda

centipedes, millipedes

Hexapoda Arthropoda

1 pair antennae, 6 legs, 2 pairs of wings usually, 3 pairs of legs, insects

Crustacea Arthropoda

2 pairs antennae, both biramous and uniramous, crabs, lobster, barnacles

Holometabulous Life Cycle

butterfly life cycle

Hemimetabulous Life Cycle

grass hopper life cycle, nymph, wing buds

Deuterostomes

radial cleavage, indeterminate development, anus forming before mouth during embryonic development

Echinodermata Eumetazoa

spiny skinned, sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers sea lilies, radial symmetry (but bilateral larva), water vascular system, internal bony ossicle skeleton, pedicellaria (pincer-like structures on skin), coelomate, complete digestive system, nervous system but non-cephalized, no circulatory no respiratory, no excretory

Asteroidea Echinodermata

sea stars, sun stars

Ophiouroidea Echinodermata

brittle stars, basket stars, don’t use tube feet to move they used their spines and plates

Echinodea Echinodermata

sea urchins, sand dollars, aristotle’s lantern (mouth structure)

Holothuroidea Echinodermata

sea cucumbers, closed circulatory system, respiratory tree

Crinodea Echinodermata

sea lilies, stalks (cessile/stationary), no stalks (motile/swim)

Hemichordata Eumetazoa

acorn worms, pharyngeal gill slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, solid ventral nerve cord, 3 part body (proboscis, collar, trunk), circulatory and respiratory system

Chordata

notochord (flexible rod, dorsal skeletal structure, only during development), dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail, thyroid gland (secrete proteins containing iodine)

Cephalochordata Chordata

segmented muscles (myomeres), 5 chordate characters, lancelet

Urochordata Chordata

5 chordate characters in larval stage only, myomeres in larvae, neoteny (larval characters retained in mature adults), tunicates/sea squirts

Vertebrata

possess cranium, all 5 chordate characters

Agnatha Vertebrata

jawless fishes, no paired fins, no scales, gill openings are pore-like, hagfish, lamprey

Gnathostomata Vertebrata

jawed, chondricthyes (rays, skates, sharks, chimera \[cartilage fish\]), jaws, paired fins, most have heterocercal tail, placoid scales, sense weak electrical fields (Ampulliae of Lorenzini), slit-like gill openings, no swim bladders in sharks

Actinopterygii Verbrata

ray finned fishes, bony skeletons, scales different fro chondricthyes, single gill opening/cover called operculum, 3 types of swim bladders, dioecious, monoecious, asexual, segmented muscles (myomeres)

Sarcopterygii Verbrata

lobe-finned fish, coelacanth

Lissamphia Verbrata

extant species of amphibians, usually freshwater and terrestrial stages in life cycle, moist and thin skin for cutaneous respiration

Anura Lissamphibia

frogs and toads, lacking tail

Urodela Lissamphiba

salamanders and newts, tails

Gymnophiona Lissamphibia

caecilians, naked skin

Amniota Verbrata

reptiles and mammals, amniotic egg

Amniotic Egg

4 extra embryonic layers: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois

Reptilia Vertebrata

turtles, lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards, snakes), archosaurs (crocodilians, dinosaurs, birds, pterosaurs)

Mammalia

Monotremes/Prototheria, Marsupials/Metatheria, Placentals/Eutheria, hair/fur, diaphragm, complete palate, unique jaw articulation, bigger more complex brain, mammary glands, heterodont teeth (different types of teeth)(2 sets of teeth in lifetime)