ANFS345 Exam 3

Gas exchange membrane

Function influenced by body size and thickness.

what are two components of gas exchnage membrane?

area of the gas
thickness of the gas

area of the gas exchange membrane vs. body size meaning

greater the weight of the animal, greater overall weight that can be sustained

Skin (gas exchange)

important organ for oxygen to go through skin

Vital capacity

Maximum air volume an animal can inhale.

Residual volume

Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation.
- always there and is what is left in the lung after blowing out
- cannot be pushed out
-no change

Expiratory reserve volume

air volume at the end of resting expiration
- can be pushed out
- when blowing out the air in lungs you end up using this

Resting tidal volume

Air volume inhaled during normal breathing
- some change
- volume at end of resting inspiration

Inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation
- deep breath in
- volume used when training
- can change

greater the vital capacity leads to..

greater the ability to take in air and the greater oxygen can supply the body

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrier in red blood cells.

Heme group

Iron-containing structure in hemoglobin

what can each heme group hold?

1 oxygen and 1 iron

how many heme groups does hemoglobin have?

4

how does hemoglobin travel?

takes oxygen from lungs --> goes to tissues that need oxygen --> then it gets released to tissue --> from tissue it has a molecule called myoglobin that allows the storage of oxygen --> myoglobin has 1 HEME group --> myoglobin can hold oxygen like hemoglobin BUT 1 single oxygen molecule

myoglobin

oxygen storage in tissues
allows the storage for oxygen
example of single heme

what does hemoglobin consist of in the adult stage?

alpha 1 & 2
beta 1 &2

what does hemoglobin consist of in the fetal stage?

no alpha 2 or beta 2

why does myoglobin have a single HEME group?

has a single chain

why does hemoglobin have 4 heme groups?

it has a 4 chains

Myoglobin

Oxygen storage protein in muscle tissues.

Cooperativity

Oxygen binding efficiency increases with occupancy.

Alpha and beta globins

Subunits forming adult hemoglobin structure.

Gamma globin

Fetal globin with higher oxygen affinity.

Oxygen equilibrium

Balance of oxygen binding and release dynamics.

Oxygen reservoir

Function of myoglobin in muscle tissues.

Partial pressure

Concentration of oxygen affecting binding affinity.

Tetramer

Structure of adult hemoglobin with four subunits.

Oxygen loading

Process of hemoglobin binding oxygen molecules.

Oxygen unloading

Release of oxygen from hemoglobin to tissues.

Training effects

Increases lung capacity and inspiratory reserve volume.

Myoglobin vs Hemoglobin

Myoglobin holds one O2; hemoglobin holds four.

Bohr Effect

Decreased oxygen affinity with lower pH and higher CO2.

EPO

Hormone stimulating red blood cell production.

Partial Pressure

Pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture.

Oxygen Delivery

Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues.

Arteries

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from heart.

Veins

Blood vessels bringing deoxygenated blood back to heart.

Pulmonary Circuit

Pathway transporting deoxygenated blood to lungs.

Systemic Circuit

Pathway delivering oxygenated blood to body tissues.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circulation.

Right Ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation.

AV Valves

Valves between atria and ventricles, preventing backflow.

Aortic Valve

Valve controlling blood flow from left ventricle.

ECG

Electrocardiogram monitoring heart's electrical activity.

Sinoatrial Node

Pacemaker of the heart, initiating heartbeat.

Atrioventricular Node

Connects atria and ventricles, coordinating contraction.

Ventricular Filling

Process of blood entering ventricles from atria.

Isovolumetric Contraction

Ventricles contract without changing blood volume.

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Ventricles relax without changing blood volume.

Atrial Systole

Contraction of atria pushing blood into ventricles.

Ventricular Outflow

Blood ejected from ventricles into arteries.

Lactic Acid

Byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, lowering pH.

Oxygen Affinity

Tendency of hemoglobin to bind oxygen.

Heart Sounds

Sounds produced by closing of heart valves.

Pressure Gradient

Difference in pressure driving blood flow.

Ventricular Pressure

Pressure within ventricles during contraction.

Cardiac Cycle

Sequence of events in one heartbeat.

Blood Volume

Total amount of blood in the circulatory system.

Conducting System

Network of cells controlling heart rhythm.

SA node

Initiates first depolarization signal in heart.

Atrial systole

Simultaneous contraction of right and left atria.

AV bundle/node

Conducts signals to ventricles for contraction.

P curve

Represents atrial depolarization on ECG.

QRS curve

Indicates ventricular depolarization on ECG.

T curve

Shows ventricular repolarization; varies among animals.

Potential energy

Energy from pressure produced by the heart.

Kinetic energy

Energy of blood movement during pumping.

Circulatory plan

Pathway of blood flow in mammals and birds.

Lymphatic system

Drains excess fluids; part of immune system.

Primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus; produce immune cells.

Secondary lymphoid organs

Spleen and lymph nodes; organize immune response.

Microbiome

Microbes in gut affecting digestion and health.

Canine digestive system

Omnivorous; includes stomach, small and large intestines.

Feline digestive system

Similar to canine; focuses on protein digestion.

Swine digestive system

Omnivorous; amylase present for carbohydrate breakdown.

Poultry digestive system

No teeth; uses gizzard for grinding food.

Equine digestive system

Herbivorous; enzymatic breakdown in foregut.

Bovine digestive system

Ruminant; includes rumen for microbial fermentation.

Dietary fiber

Best food for gut bacteria; promotes health.

Short chain fatty acids

Produced by gut bacteria; reduce inflammation.

Polyphenol

Nutrient found in dark chocolate; beneficial.

Lymph nodes

Organize lymphoid tissue; protect against infections.

Anus

Releases waste from digestive system.

Cloaca

Common exit for waste and eggs in poultry.

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates.

Pepsin

Enzyme that digests proteins in stomach.

Biome Diversity

Increased variety of species in an ecosystem.

Urinary System

System responsible for waste elimination and fluid balance.

Nitrogen Excretion

Removal of nitrogenous waste from the body.

Urine Production

Formation of urine through solute secretion.

Tubules

Vessels allowing selective movement across membranes.

Concentration

Amount of solute per unit solvent.

Active Transport

ATP-driven movement of solutes against concentration gradient.

Diuresis

Increased urine production due to low ADH.

Antidiuresis

Reduced urine production due to high ADH.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney for filtration.

Afferent Arteriole

Blood vessel supplying blood to the nephron.

Glomerulus

Capillary network for initial blood filtration.

Bowman's Capsule

Collects filtrate from glomerulus.