MTTC 084 Social Studies Lecture Notes

Practice flashcards created from lecture notes for the MTTC 084 Social Studies exam review.

What occurred during the Lower Paleolithic period?

Humans used crude tools.

What developments define the Upper Paleolithic period?

Specialized tools, clothing, social structures, art, and cave dwelling.

What developments define the Neolithic era?

Complex social structures, religion/government ideas, domesticated animals, crops, houses, weaving.

What are the four divisions of anthropology?

Biological, Cultural, Linguistic, Archaeology.

Which stage began around 300,000 BC and included ritual practices?

Middle Paleolithic.

Which human development stage included the invention of the wheel?

Upper Paleolithic (Sumerians).

What age saw the first civilizations and metal discovery?

The Bronze Age.

When did the Iron Age begin?

1200-1000 BC.

What are the four characteristics of a civilization?

Metal tools, written language, defined territory, calendar.

What region is known as the Fertile Crescent?

Nile River Valley, Tigris-Euphrates Valley, Indus Valley, Hwang Ho Valley.

Who invented the wheel and irrigation?

Sumerians.

What is Hammurabi known for?

His law code.

What did the Assyrians develop?

Horse-drawn chariots and an organized military.

What did the Egyptians invent?

Decimal system, solar calendar, advanced math.

What major religious tradition began with the Hebrews?

Monotheism (Judaism and Christianity).

What was unique about the Persian Empire?

Did not force conquered people to adopt religion/laws; developed an alphabet.

What writing system did the Minoans use?

Linear A (undeciphered).

What did the Mycenaeans rely on?

Conquest over trade; used 'Linear B'.

What alphabet used sounds instead of words?

Phoenician alphabet.

What concepts did the Indus Valley Civilization develop?

Zero; caste system; early Hinduism.

What goods did the Ancient Chinese produce early on?

Silk, millet, Longshan black pottery.

What is the oldest known civilization in the Americas?

Norte Chico (Caral-Supe).

Who were the Anasazi?

Ancestral Pueblo people in the U.S. Southwest; adobe dwellings (1200 BC).

What are the Maya known for?

Written language and complex calendar.

Where was the Hittite Empire centered?

Turkey; extended into Palestine and Syria.

Who stopped the Persians during the Persian Wars?

Greeks.

What happened at the Battle of Marathon?

Outnumbered Greeks defeated Persians.

What happened at Thermopylae?

Spartans held off the Persians for several days.

What happened at the Battle of Salamis?

Greek naval victory.

What happened at Plataea?

Greeks defeated Persians, ending the invasion.

Who founded the Maurya Empire?

Chandragupta.

What religions were prominent in the Maurya Empire?

Buddhism and Jainism.

What empire followed the Mauryans?

Gupta Empire.

What did Demetrius establish?

Indo-Greek Kingdom.

What was the eastern Roman Empire called after the fall of Rome?

Byzantine Empire.

What legal achievement is Emperor Justinian known for?

Code of Justinian (Roman Law).

What happened to Constantinople in 1453?

Fell to Ottomans; renamed Istanbul.

What did Emperor Leo III ban?

Religious icons (Iconoclasm).

What caused the Dark Ages in Europe?

Viking disruptions.

What is feudalism?

Vassals serve lords militarily in exchange for land (fiefs).

What did the First Crusade do?

Recaptured Jerusalem.

What did the Second Crusade do?

Unsuccessful attempt to retake Damascus.

What did the Third Crusade do?

Unsuccessful attempt to retake Jerusalem.

What did the Fourth Crusade do?

Sacked Constantinople.

Who founded Islam?

Muhammad.

What is the holy book of Islam?

The Koran.

What does Islam mean?

Submission to God's will.

What were the Ming known for?

Porcelain and isolationism.

What system did Feudal Japan operate under?

Feudalism with Daimyo + Samurai hierarchy.

What was Ghana known for?

Major trade center (9th-12th century).

What city was the center of learning in Mali?

Timbuktu.

Who tutored Alexander the Great?

Aristotle.

What culture did Alexander spread?

Hellenistic culture.

Where did the Algonquins live and what homes did they use?

Eastern U.S.; lived in wigwams.

What was the lifestyle of the Algonquins?

Hunting/gathering in the north, farming in the south.

What housing did the Iroquois use?

Longhouses.

Where did the Plains tribes live and what homes did they use?

Between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains; nomadic; lived in teepees.

Which tribes were Plains tribes?

Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, Blackfoot.

What tribes made up the Pueblo peoples?

Zuni, Hopi, Acoma.

What homes did the Pueblo peoples live in?

Adobe or stone pueblos.

What did Pacific Northwest tribes such as the Tlingit, Chinook, and Salish rely on?

Fish, deer, berries, roots; used totem poles; lived in rectangular houses.

What homes did Aleuts and Inuits live in?

Skin tents or igloos.

What were the Navigation Acts (1651)?

Laws restricting foreign ships from transporting goods to the colonies; strengthened British control of trade.

What was the first engagement of the Revolutionary War?

Battles of Lexington and Concord.

What was significant about the Battle of Bunker Hill?

Bloodiest battle; proved colonists could fight the British.

What happened at Trenton in 1776?

Washington crossed the Delaware on Christmas to defeat British/Hessian forces—first colonial victory.

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

Turning point; France joined the war on the side of the colonists.

When did the British surrender at Yorktown?

October 19, 1781.

What treaty ended the Revolutionary War?

Treaty of Paris (1783).

What problem caused the Articles of Confederation to fail?

No strong central government.

Who were major Federalists?

Hamilton, Jay, Madison.

Who were major Anti-Federalists?

Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry.

What did the Virginia Plan call for?

Representation based on population.

What did the New Jersey Plan call for?

Equal representation for all states.

What was the Connecticut (Great) Compromise?

Bicameral legislature: Senate = equal representation; House = population-based.

What was the Commerce Compromise?

Congress regulated trade; slave importation was allowed until 1808.

What was the Alien and Sedition Act?

Laws banning hostile speech against the government and allowing the deportation of non-citizens.

What did Marbury v. Madison establish?

Judicial Review.

What caused the War of 1812?

British interference with U.S.-French trade.

What battles stopped British invasion from Canada?

Lake Erie and Lake Champlain.

What major event happened in Washington D.C. in 1814?

British burned the White House.

What treaty ended the War of 1812?

Treaty of Ghent.

What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?

No European interference in the Americas; U.S. would avoid European affairs.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

Forced removal of Native tribes to west of the Mississippi River.

What was Jacksonian Democracy?

Political shift toward the 'common man'; voting rights expanded to all white men.

What did the Second Great Awakening emphasize?

Personal responsibility; growth of LDS and Seventh-Day Adventists.

Who led the movement for free public education?

Horace Mann.

What is Popular Sovereignty?

States choose for themselves whether to allow slavery.

What did the Compromise of 1850 include?

CA free state, harsher fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in DC, Utah/NM decide slavery by popular vote.

What was the Gadsden Purchase?

U.S. purchase of land from Mexico (AZ and NM) in 1854.

Who were key women's suffrage leaders?

Stanton, Truth, Mott, Rose, Anthony.

What did the Dred Scott decision rule?

Missouri Compromise unconstitutional; enslaved persons were not citizens therefore could not receive a trial.

How many Black soldiers fought for the Union?

Around 200,000.

What was the first major land battle of the Civil War?

First Battle of Bull Run (1861).

What was significant about the capture of Fort Henry?

Union's first major victory; led by Grant.

What was the turning point of the Civil War?

Battle of Gettysburg (1863).

What was Sherman's March to the Sea?

Destructive Union march through the South to break its war capacity.

What ended the Civil War?

Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865).

What were the three phases of Reconstruction?

Presidential, Congressional, Redemption.

What did the Freedmen's Bureau do?

Helped formerly enslaved people become self-sufficient.