psych

Memory

System that senses, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves information

Information-Processing Model

Model of memory that assumes the brain is like a computer and is separated into three stages

Encoding

Changing stimulus around you into memorable brain codes

Storage

"Holding on" to encoded info

Retrieval

Pulling info from storage

Sensory Memory

Encoding with icons (visual) and echos (sound), Large capacity but very brief (Iconic, .5 sec; Echos, 2.5 sec)

Dual Coding

Encoding info in two different ways (Senses)

Which form of sensory memory is physically better?

Echoic (Sound)

Which form of sensory memory is better for remembering?

Iconic (Visual)

Selective/Focused Attention

The ability to focus on one thing happening at a time

How does stimuli move from Sensory Memory to STM?

When stimuli is focused on

Why can't we focus on multiple things at once and maintain efficiency?

Selective attention only allows one thing to be processed at a time

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Memory system where information is held briefly while being used, Limited Capacity and holds info for 30 secs

7 +/- 2

Theory formed by GEORGE MILLER to label STM capacity

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repetition of info in order to keep it in STM

What are the two types of Maintenance Rehearsal?

Chunking and Spacing Effect

Chunking

Grouping bits of related info

Spacing Effect

Studying over a long period of time

How does info move from STM to LTM?

Rehearsal (Maintenance and Elaborative)

Elaborative Rehearsal

Transferring info from STM to LTM by making it meaningful in someway

What are the three types of Elaborative Rehearsal?

Mnemonics, Method of Loci, Acronyms

Mnemonics

Making connections between material

Method of Loci

Attaching info to a procedure you know well (Memory Palace)

Acronyms

First letter abbr. to remember a list (ROYGBIV)

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Memory where things are placed to be kept relatively permanently, Unlimited storage

Nondeclarative Memory

(AKA Implicit or Procedural) Motor skills, Habits, Fears (Think anything not said out loud but shown through action)

Declarative Memory

(AKA Explicit) Divided into Semantic and Episodic Memory (Think anything said out loud)

Semantic Memory

Facts, Knowledge

Episodic Memory

Stories and events experience by a person (Think an episode of a TV show)

LTM Semantic Network

Concepts that are related in meaning are stored physically near each other in the brain

Level-of-Processing Model

States info that is deeper processed is stored better and for longer periods of time

What are the Level of Processing in LoPM?

What does it sound like, look like, and mean?

Working Memory

Active system of using your memory

Prospective Memory

Memory of future intentions

Recognition

Use of specific clue to remember info (Multiple-Choice Question)

Recall

Use of a general clue to remember all info about a topic (Essay prompt)

Retrieval Cue

A stimulus for remembering

What are the two types of LTM?

Procedural memory (Implicit, NonD) and Declarative (Explicit) memory

State/Mood Dependent Memory

Memories formed during a certain state are easier to retrieve in those states

Godden & Baddeley

Experiment of Land vs Water recall

Tip of the Tounge

Can't remember specifics but only general bits (Names)

Serial Position Effect

First (Primacy) and Last (Recency) bits of info are easier to remember

Eidetic Memory

Young children seem to have photographic memory, NOT POSSIBLE

Forgetting

Failure to properly store information for future use

Forgetting Curve

EBBINGHAUS, Exponential loss of information

Encoding Failure

Failure to process information into memory, Caused by multitasking

Retrieval Failure

Memory encoded, stored, but can't access the memory (Ex. Tip of the Tongue)

Memory Trace

Physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed

Memory Decay

Loss of memory over time

Repression

Unconscious forgetting (Rape)

Suppression

Purposeful forgetting (Sugary Ice Cream after Break-Up)

Flashbulb Memory

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (9/11)

Misinformation Failure

False memories caused by false info

Who is Mrs. Information?

Elizabeth Loftus

Proactive Interference

Old info gets in the way of new info.

What is the acronym for Interference and Amnesia?

P.O.R.N.

Retroactive Interference

New info gets in the way of old

Retrograde Amnesia

Can't remember past from before an accident

Anterograde Amnesia

Can't form new memories after an accident

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories from before age 3

How does Alzheimer's disease develop?

Brain cannot break down proteins and they start to clog and destroy the brain

Intellegence

Ability to learn and adapt

Charles Spearman

2 factor theory of intelligence

G Factor (Intelligence)

Biological and general intelligence

S Factor (Intelligence)

Specific intelligence (Hitting a Baseball)

Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

Recognizes 9 types of intelligence and how different cultures value different abilities (Think Gardner as a garden of the most intelligences)

Sternberg Triarchic Theory

3 types of intelligence; Analytical (Logic), Creative, Practical (Street smarts)

Fluid Intelligence

(GF) Born to be so smart (Decreases with age)

Crystalized Intelligence

(GC) Knowledge through experiences and education (Increase with age)

Alfred Binet

Created first IQ test based on age group comparison

Wechsler Scales

Created different IQ test based on age group

How much is one standard deviation of IQ?

15 Points

What is the aVg IQ?

ALWAYS 100

Flynn Effect

Rise in IQ over time (Causes IQ test to be readjusted to 100 mean)

What are downsides of IQ tests?

Culturally biased and often based on tet makers experiences

What are causes of intellectual disabilities?

Deprived Environments (LACK OF MONEY) and Biological Disorders

Who is considered "Gifted" by IQ?

+2 Deviations, Top 2%, +130 IQ

What did Lewis Terman do?

Led the study based on how IQ and success have no direct correlation

What are problems with long term studies?

Takes too long, People could die, Room for unaccounted variables

Who made the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Theory?

Rosenthal and Jacobson (AKA Pygmalion Efefect)

What is the Pygmalion Effect?

Expectations influence results and performance

Validity

Ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Reliability

Tendency of a test to give same results

Standardization

Giving a test the same way and to the group it was designed for

Content Validity

Measures what it is supposed to

Face Validity

Appears valid to a nonexpert

Construct Validity

Covers all topics within content

Concurrent Validity

Different test give similar results

Predictive Validity

Scores accurately predict future scores

Test-Retest Reliability

Similar score on future attempts w/o studying

Alternate Form Reliabilty

Similar score on 2 different test version

Split-Half

2 groups should receive a similar score if one does only odd number questions and other does even questions

Interrater Reliabiltiy

Test grades should give same score on same test

Achievement Test

Test what students have already learned

Aptitude Test

Test future performance (AccuPlacer, ASVAB)

Emotional Intelligence

Awareness and understanding of others and ones emotions (WOMEN 90% OF THE TIME HIGHER)

What is Raymond Cattell known for?

Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence (Think Crystalized=Gem and Cattell sounds like a type of gem)

Psychology

Study of human and animal behavior and mental processes

Goals of Psych

Description: What is happening?; Explanation: Why is it happening?; Prediction: When will it happen again?; Control: How can it be changed?

Wilhelm Wundt

1st psychologist, created introspection, study failed because it was too opinion-based