intro to microbiology , Microbiology exam #1

Why do we study microbology?

• Microbes are omnipresent(they are everywhere)

• Microbes are important for life, without them we would die 

• Less than 1% of microbes are harmful 

What are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye ?

Microorganisms

Microbes include……

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses

A few microbes are…..

pathogenic (disease - producing)

Microorganisms are involved in what kind of processes?

• Decompose organic waste 

• Generate oxygen by photosynthesis

  • There are so many microbes in the world and they produce oxygen 

•  Produce chemical products such as ethanol, acetone, and vitamins

  • Microbes naturally produces these things

•   Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread

•   Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g., cellulose) and disease treatment  (e.g., insulin)

  • With the use of genetic engineering/biotechnology microbes and human genes were used to make insulin 

Knowledge of microorganisms allow us to?

• Prevent food spoilage (for ex: by using salts to dry out foods)

• Prevent disease 

• Understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics 

The classification of microorganisms was developed by who?

Carl Woese in 1978

Classifications of microorganisms:

• Develop by Carl Woese in 1978 

• Three domains based on cellular organazations, WHAT ARE THEY?

• Bacteria (prokaryotes, no nucleus, have DNA)

• Archaea (prokaryotes, no nucleus, have DNA)

• Eukarya (eukaryote, have nucleus, have DNA and a protective layer)

  • Protists ( most are unicellular)

  • Fungi

  • Plants

  • Animals 

Who reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or “cells”

• Marked the beginning of cell theory: All living things are composed of cells 

Robert hooke in 1665

What is the cell theory?

All living things are composed of cells 

The first microbes were observed from 1623 to 1673 by who?

• “Animalcules” viewed through magnifying lenses

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

What is spontaneous generation?

the hypothesis that life aries from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

What is biogenesis?

the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells 

Who set out in 1668 to demonstate that maggots did not arise spontaneously, and filled jars with decaying meat?

Francesco Redi

Francesco Redi maggot demonstration

Redi filled two jars with decaying meat.

1. The first was left unsealed, allowing flies to lay eggs on the meat, which developed into larvae.

2. The second jar was sealed, and because the flies could not get inside, no maggots appeared. Still, Redi’s antagonists were not convinced; they claimed that fresh air was needed for spontaneous generation.

3. So Redi set up a second experiment, in which he covered a jar with a fine net instead of sealing it. No larvae appeared in the gauze-covered jar, even though air was present

Who put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks in 1745 and claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids?

conditions: found that even after he heated chicken broth and corn broth before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms.

John needham

Who boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks in 1765?

Conditions: nutrient broth placed in flask, sealed, then heated

results: no microbial growth

 Lazzaro spallanzani

Who said cells arise from preexisting cells?

He challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, hypothesizing that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells.

Because he could offer no scientific proof, arguments about spontaneous generation continued until 1861, when the issue was finally resolved by the French scientist Louis Pasteur

Rudolf Virchow in 1858

Who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air, and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes?

Conditions: and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes. Results: In a few days, these flasks were found to be contaminated with microbes.

Conditions: The other flasks, sealed after boiling; Results: free of microorganisms

Louis pasteur in 1861

Pasteur used S-shaped flasks and this did what?

• Keep microbes out but let air in

• Broth in flasks showed no signs of life

• Neck of flask traps microbes

• Microorganisms originate in our air fluids, not mystical forces 

The golden age of microbiology, what years did this occur?

1857-1914

The golden age of microbiology

• 1857-1914

• Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

• Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for fementaiton

• Fermentation is the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the abscence of air

• Mircobial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages

• Bacteria that use air spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid) 

Who showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation?

pasteur

What is the microbial conversion of sugar to alchol in the abscence of air?

fermentation

What is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages?

microbial growth

What uses air to spoil wine by turning it into vinegar (acetic acid)

bacteria

golden age of microbiology:

Who demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine

pasteur

What is the application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages 

Pasteurization

Fermentation was disvovered by who

1857 : Pasteur

Who disproved spontaneous generation

1861: Pasteur

Who discovered pasteurization?

1864: Pasteur

Who invented aseptic surgery

1867: Lister

Who is behind the germ theory of disease (isolate from infected host, grow it, be able to put into test animals, and animal must have disease and recover )

1876: Koch* (father of microbiology)

Who is behind the idea of pure cultures?

1881: Koch

Who showed that showed that a silk worm disease was caused by a fungus?

Agostino bassi, 1835

Who showed that showed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan

pasteur, 1865

Who advocated handwashing to precedent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another?

Ignaz Semmelweis, 1840s

Applying Pasteur’s work showing that microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal dieases,WHOused a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections 

Joseph Lister, 1860s

Who discovered that a bacteium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, ______ postulates(a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease)

• proof that bacteria actually cause disease came from ____

Koch, 1876

Who inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then immune to smallpox?

• Vaccination is derived from the latin word vacca, meaning cow

• The protection is called immunity

• Process:

  • collected scrapings from cowpox blisters. Then he inoculated a healthy 8-year-old volunteer with the cowpox material by scratching the child’s arm with a pox-contaminated needle. The scratch turned into a raised bump. In a few days, the volunteer became mildly sick but recovered and never again contracted either cowpox or smallpox. The protection from disease provided by vaccination (or by recovery from the disease itself) is called immunity.

Edward jenner 1796

The birth of modern chemotherapy:

Dreams of a “Magic Bullet”

• Treatment of diease with chemicals is called chemotherapy 

• Chemotheraputeic agents used to treat infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotic 

• Antibiotics are chemicals produces by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

Treatment of diease with chemicals is called

chemotherapy

What are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

antibiotics

What sythetic drug from tree bark was long used to treat malaria

quinine

first synthetic drugs

• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria (malaria comes from a protozoa of genus Plasmodium)

• Paul Ehrlich speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host 

  • 1910: Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis 

• 1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized 

Who speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host 

Paul ehrlich

Who developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

Ehrlich, 1910

Who disvovered the first antibiotic (by accident)

• observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus 

• 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass-produced 

Alexander Fleming, 1928

What was the fungus that made the antiobiotic penicillin, and what did it kill?

Penicillium fungus; S. aureus 

What is the study of bacteria?

Bacteriology

What is the study of fungi?

Mycology

What is the the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

parasitology

What is the the study of immunity

immunology

Vaccines and interferons are used to prevent and cure?

viral diseases

Who discovered differences in the chemical composition of a polysaccharide in the cell walls of many pathogenic streptococci  

• A major advance in imunnology occurred in 1933 when this person classified sterptococci based on their cell wall components

Rebecca Lancefield (1895-1981)

What is the study of viruses?

virology

Who discovered the cause of mosaic disease of tobacco to be a virus

Dmitiri Iwanoswki in 1892 and Wendell Stanley in 1935

What kind of microscopes have made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail?

electron microscopes

What is the study of how microbes inherit traits

Microbial genetics

What is the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis ?

Molecular biology

What is the study of organisms genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms?

Genomics

What is the DNA made from two different sources 

• In 1960s, Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA, and the bacteria produced an animal protein 

Recombinant DNA

What is the use of  is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals?

Biotechnology

What enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes 

• Missing or defective genes in guman cells can be replaced in gene therapy

• Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing 

Recombinant DNA technology

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in

gene therapy

The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

Microbial ecology

What converts carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus into forms used by plants and animals

bacteria

Sewage treatment: Using micorbes to recycle water

• Sewage is 99.9% water, with a few hundreths 1% suspended solids

• Treatment of swage removes undesirable components so water can be released or reused

  • Large solids are removed physicall

  • Microbes are used to convert left over liquid and organic materials into by-products such as carbon dioxide

What is using microbes to clean up pollutants called?

• Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

• Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

bioremediation

Insect pest control by microogranisms 

• Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides

  • Prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission 

• Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in many insects but harmeless to animals and plants

  • the bacteria produce protein crystals toxic to insects

  • the toxin gene has been inserted into some plants to confer insect resistance

The microbiome:

• An adult human is composed of 30 trillion body cells

  • Harbors another 40 trillion bacterial cells

• The microbiome is a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body

  • Help to maintain good health

  • Can prevent growth of pathogenic micobes 

  • May help train the immune system to discriminate threats

An adult human is composed of how many body cells?

30 trillion, and it harbors another 40 trillion bacterial cells

The microbiome is a group of microbes that live?

stably on/in the human body

What is the microbiome good for?

• Help to maintain good health

• Can prevent growth of pathogenic micobes 

• May help train the immune system to discriminate threats

What is the collection of acquired microbioorganisms on or in a health human being 

normal microbiota

Normal microbiota

• the collection of acquired microbioorganisms on or in a health human being 

  • Begin to be acquired as newborns 

  • May colonize the body indefinitely 

  • May colonize the body fleetingly (making them transient microbiota)

• Colonization can only occur at body sites that provide nutrients and the right environment for the microbes to flourish

Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called

normal microbiota

•  prevent growth of pathogens

• produce growth factors such as vitamins B and K

What is the the ability of the body to ward off disease 

• resistance

  • factors include: skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

What is being described here?

• Microbes attach to solid surfaces and frow into masses 

• They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical impants

• can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics 

• quorum sensing:  allows bacteria within a biofilm to communicate

  • Bacteria talk by releasing chemicals 

biofilm

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735

Carolus linnaeus

Each organism has two names, what are they?

the Genus and the specific epithet

Scientific names are….

• Are italicized or underlined

  • The genus is capitialized; the specific epithet is lowercase 

• Are “latinized” and used worldwide 

• May be descriptive or honor a scientist 

Is the genus capitilized or lowercase?

capitialized

Is the specific epithet capitialized or lowercase

lowercase

Nomenclature, identify what is being described here

• Honors the discoverer, Theodor escherich

• Describes the bacterium’s habitat — the large intestine, or colon 

Escherichia coli

Nomenclature, identify what is being described here

• Describes the clusters (staphylo-) spherical (coccus) cells

• Describes the gold-covered (aureus) colonies 

Staphlococcus aureus 

Types of microorganisms:

• bacteria

• arachea

• fungi

• protozoa

• algae

• viruses

• multicellular animal parasites

Identify this microorganism:

• prokaryote  “pre-nucleus”

• Single - celled

• Peptidoglycan(means bacteria) cell walls 

• Divide by binary fission (splitting)

• Derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis 

• May “swim” by using moving appendages called flagella 

bacteria

Identify this microorganism:

•  Prokaryote 

• Lacks Peptidoglycan (this is what differentiates it from bacteria) cell walls

  • May lack cell wall entirely 

• Often live in extreme environments 

• Include:

  • Methanogens

  • Extreme halophiles(loves salt)

  • Extreme thermophiles(loves extreme temps)

• Generally, not known to cause disease in humans 

archaea 

Identify this microorganism:

• Eukaryote

  • Distinct nucleus surrounding DNA genetic material

•  Chitin cell walls  

•  Absorb organic chemicals for energy

•  Yeasts are unicellular 

• Molds and mushrooms are multicellular 

• Molds consists of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae 

fungi

Are yeasts are unicellular or multicellular

unicellular

Are molds and mushrooms are multicellular or unicellular

multicellular

Identify this microorganism:

• Eukaryote

• Unicellular no cells walls 

• Absorb of ingest organic chemicals

• May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella 

• Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host)

  • Some are photosyntetic 

• Reproduce sexually or asexually

protozoa

Identify this microorganism:

• Eukaryote

• Cellulose cell walls 

• Found in fresh water, salt water, and soil

• Use photosynthesis for energy

  • Produces O2 and carbohydrates

• Sexual and asexual reproduction possible

algae

Identify this microorganism:

• Acellular

•  not prokaryote or eukayrote

• Consist of DNA or RNA (they wont have both at the same time)

• Core is surrounded by a protein coat 

• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope

• Are replicated only wehen they are in a host living cell\

• Inert outside living house 

• Obligate intracellular 

viruses

Identify this microorganism:

• eukaryote

• Multicellular animals 

• Not strictly microorganisms 

• Parasitic flatworms and rounds are called helminths 

• Some microscopic stages in their life cycles 

Multicellular parasites

Emerging infections diseases:

• When a pathogen invades a host and overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results

• Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs): new diseases and diseases increaing in incidence  

What is a new diseases and diseases increaing in incidence  

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

What emerging infectious disease is this?

• Virus discovered in 1947 in Uganda 

• Human epidemics in micronesia 2007, then french polynesia and brazil in 2013-2015

• Spread by bite of an infected aedes mosquito; also transmitted by sexual contact

• Infection during pregncancy can result in severe birth defects

Zika virus disease

What emerging infectious disease is this?

• Caused by middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

• Common to SARS

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome

• 1800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014 

Middle east repiratory syndrome (MERS)