Study guide 4- Reading E woodward- 1960s urban riots, especially the Watts riot of 1965.

50 practice question-and-answer flashcards based on Chapter VI of C. Vann Woodward's 'The Strange Career of Jim Crow'.

Watts Riot (11 August 1965)

A major urban riot breaking out in the Watts district of Los Angeles, covering 46 square miles, resulting in 34 deaths and about $40 million in property loss.

Violence in the City—An End or a Beginning?

The official report title on the 1965 Los Angeles riots in Watts.

Detroit Riot of July 1967

The bloodiest racial violence of the 20th century in America, requiring 15,000 security forces to control, resulting in 43 dead, over 1,000 injured, and 14 square miles gutted by fire.

President's Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

The commission that concluded 1960s urban riots attacked symbols of white authority and property, identifying abusive police practices as the primary grievance.

Key conclusion of the 1968 Civil Disorders Commission

'Our Nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.'

Theory of 'relative deprivation'

A sociological concept explaining that rising civil rights successes increased expectations and impatience among Northern urban blacks.

Economic impact of automation on black workers in 1964

Automation eliminated roughly 40,000 unskilled and semi-skilled jobs per week, causing black unemployment to run double or more the white rate.

Assassination date of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

April 4, 1968.

Poor People's March

The final campaign rallied in Washington by Martin Luther King Jr.'s followers shortly after his 1968 assassination.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) evolution

Founded in 1942 as an interracial group; deleted 'multiracial' from its constitution in 1967 and embraced Black Nationalism under Roy Innis.

Floyd McKissick

CORE national director who referred to Negro Americans as a 'nation within a nation.'

Roy Innis

Successor to Floyd McKissick as director of CORE who declared integration 'as dead as a doornail.'

Leadership shift in SNCC in 1966

John Lewis was replaced as chairman by Stokely Carmichael, who converted SNCC into an all-black organization promoting 'Black Power.'

H. Rap Brown

Successor to Stokely Carmichael as SNCC chairman in 1967 who advocated guerrilla tactics and told protesters to 'Burn this town down.'

Bayard Rustin

Civil rights leader who consistently maintained throughout the 1960s separatist movement that 'separate is not equal.'

Black population stance on separatism in the late 1960s

Polls showed no more than 15% identified as separatists, while 85% to 90% favored Martin Luther King, Jr. as spokesman.

Cornell University campus crisis (1969)

Armed black student leaders gave the faculty a 'three hours to live' ultimatum, leading the faculty to capitulate to black nationalist student demands.

Marcus Garvey

Jamaican-born leader of an early 20th-century back-to-Africa movement who viewed the white capitalist as the only convenient friend of the black worker.

Malcolm X

Prominent Black Muslim minister and leader who preached total racial separation before his assassination in 1965 at age 39.

Black Panther Party founders

Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, and Eldridge Cleaver.

Huey P. Newton

Co-founder of the Black Panther Party named after Senator Huey P. Long; author of To Die for the People and Revolutionary Suicide.

Black Panther Party origin and primary doctrine

Founded in Oakland in 1966; proclaimed 'the gun' as the basic tool of liberation against police oppression.

California State Assembly invasion (1967)

An event where armed Black Panthers invaded the legislative galleries while the assembly was in session.

James Forman's reparation demand

Demanded $3 billion in reparations from American churches for historical injustices against black Americans.

Roy Innis's reparation demand

Demanded $6 billion in reparations from American banking institutions.

Governor George C. Wallace

Alabama governor who became a national political champion for disaffected right-wing whites in the 1968 presidential election.

Presidential Election of 1968

Won by Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon over Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey.

Policy of 'benign neglect'

Phrase used by presidential adviser Daniel Patrick Moynihan to suggest a cooling-down period in federal race relations policy under Nixon.

October 1969 Supreme Court ruling on school desegregation

Declared that persistent school desegregation in the South must be ended 'at once.'

Southern school desegregation progress by 1972

Reached 44% of black pupils attending majority-white schools, making Southern public schools more integrated than Northern ones.

Black middle class expansion (1960–late 1960s)

Grew from barely 10% in 1960 to at least 30% of the black population by the late 1960s.

Black congressional representation (1960 vs 1972)

Increased from five Representatives in 1960 to fifteen in 1972.

Second Atlanta Compromise

A 1970s agreement negotiated by Lonnie King, Jr. where the Atlanta NAACP accepted 2/3 of schools remaining black in exchange for black administrative leadership.

Distinction between Northern and Southern school segregation

Northern segregation was largely de facto based on residential patterns, whereas Southern segregation was de jure established by law.

Shift in civil rights movement focus (Mid-1960s)

Shifted from Southern non-violent direct action for legal rights to Northern urban economic demands, self-defense, and Black Power.