Health Psychology Health Behaviors

1

_______ in every 5 Americans smoke

39

More than _____% of adults and 18% of children are obese.

Chronic Disease

Risky behaviors are quite prevalent and their links to __________ ___________ and poor health make them impactful.

10

Approximately ________% of Americans eat enough fruits and vegetables per recommended intake.

28

About __________% of American adults met the physical activity guidelines.

Behavioral Change

Deborah Birx emphasized the importance of _________ ___________ and how amazing Americans were at adapting to and following through on behavioral changes during the pandemic.

Mortality

Deborah Birx argued that new health behaviors reduced ____ during the Covid 19 pandemic.

Health Behaviors

Behaviors people do to enhance or maintain their health.

Risk Behavior

A behavior that harms or can cause harm to health and well-being.

Habit

A firmly established behavior that is often performed automatically.

Habits

These are often developed in childhood through reinforcement until they become firmly established automatic behaviors.

Lifestyle Behavior

A behavior that is sustained over life or long periods of time. Often has a greater impact on health than an episodic behavior

Episodic Behavior

A behavior that occurs once or during a brief period of time. Sometimes can have lasting health consequences but lifestyle behaviors are more likely to cause long term harm.

Young; 11-12

Health behaviors develop when we are __________ and stabilize at the end of childhood (______)

Reinforced

Health behaviors are often _______ by parents or adults.

Later

Risk behaviors often develop and stabilize __________ than health behaviors.

Risk

Exposure to _____ behaviors usually starts around the middle school age and stabilizes later in adolescence.

Addiction

These are different from habits because they involve compulsions, a biological dependency, and involve thinking about that thing a lot.

Teachable Moments

Developmental phases where people are open to learning.

Teachable Moments

A time in a person’s life when they are particularly open to learning a new health behavior.

Childhood

Most teachable moments occur during ______________ because we are very susceptible to learning new information and can follow instructions as early as 3 years old.

Less

In adulthood there are __________ teachable moments and they tend to surround major events.

Don’t

Teachable moments __________ have to involve a formal intervention program.

Hospitalization and Pregnancy

What are the two big teachable moments during adulthood discussed in class?

Pregnancy

This major life event often causes women to become more open to learning a new health behavior (quit smoking, go to the doctor)

Hospitalization

This life event often causes people to rethink their health decisions. In fact, smokers who had this occur were twice as successful in quitting smoking.

Increase

Smoking cessation rates ____________ following pregnancy, hospitalization, having an abnormal screening, or malignancy.

Increases personal risk, prompts strong emotion, and redefines self-concept or social role.

What are the three components of a potentially successful teachable moment intervention?

Personal Risk

Teachable moment interventions are more likely to be successful when the event:

increases __________________

prompts strong emotion

redefines self-concept/social role

Strong emotion

Teachable moment interventions are more likely to be successful when the event:

increases personal risk

prompts __________

redefines self-concept/social role

Self concept

Teachable moment interventions are more likely to be successful when the event:

increases personal risk

prompts strong emotion

redefines_________/social role

Window of Vulnerability

A time period when someone is especially vulnerable to learning a new risk behavior

Adolescence

There are more windows of vulnerability when we are young, particularly during ________

13

Around the age of ___________ (middle school age) there are many windows of opportunity for drugs and alcohol.

Addiction

A chronic disorder with biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors influencing its development and maintenance.

Interventions

Many_________ are aimed at middle-schoolers to prevent them from developing risk behaviors surrounding drugs and alcohol. “attitude innoculation” is an example of this.

College

_________ is a huge window of vulnerability for alcohol abuse.

Biology

Although it may be more common to take on risk behaviors during a window of vulnerability _______ still plays a role.

More

College-going young adults were found to drink much _____ than the young adults who didn’t go to college.

Binge

_________ drinking is very common in college.

Tanning

Behaviors like __________ that may occur more in young adulthood and less in older adults can still have lasting effects into adulthood.

30%

In the study __________ of college students had never drank alcohol.

43%

What percentage of college students had drank within the last 2 weeks?

Overestimate

When asked to predict the drinking behavior of other students on campus the students tended to ______________ the amount of people drinking alcohol.

Perception

One strategy used to reduce drinking in college students is to change their ______ on how many people are actually drinking.

Binge Drinking

When a woman drinks more than 4+ drinks in one sitting and a male drinks 5+ drinks in one sitting

Binge

Studies have found that around half of college students that drink alcohol participate in _________ drinking.

Brown-out

The most common consequence for students who drank alcohol (forget things for a short period of time)

College Students

Some of the more common consequences for drinking alcohol in ____________ __________: Doing something they regreted, blackout, brownout, unprotected sex.

20

_____% of college students who drank reported 2+ consequences for drinking

Alameda county study

A large longitudinal study that established a connection between health and behavior

Alameda County Study

A study that began in 1965 and ended in 1999. Collected data for 34 years

Socioeconomic status

The Alameda County study was one of the first large-scale research projects to highlight _____ differences in health behaviors.

Quality of Life

The Alameda County study tried to find if health behaviors related to morbidity, mortality, and ______

Mortality

The seven healthy habits associated with physical health status and _____________ in the Alameda County study:

Not smoking, having breakfast everyday, having no more than 2 alcoholic drinks per day, regular exercise, sleeping 7-8 hours per night, no eating between meals, and being no more than 10% overweight.

Replicate

The only two health habits that didn’t _____________ from the Alameda County study were having breakfast each day and no eating between meals.

Cumulative

The Breslow study showed the ____________ effect of the health behaviors, more health behaviors → longer life (seen across all cohorts)

Cohorts

The Breslow and Breslow study showed the accumulation of health behaviors across all _____.

SES

The breslow and breslow study found that low ____ reduced health and increased mortality and high ______ increased health behaviors.

Breslow and Breslow

One of the first studies to correlate SES and health (based on Alameda data)

Smoking

The reduction in _____ was a huge accomplishment for Americans and correlated with a change in mortality.

Decreased; increased

The number of early deaths caused by tobacco ______ but the number of early deaths caused by diet/activity ___________

50

It has been found that _____% of early mortality is due to preventable factors.

Health Behaviors

Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, and Gerberding argued to report cause of death in terms of __________ _____________ rather than just physiological cause of death to represent the role of risk behaviors in death and illness.

Independent

Research shows that health behaviors are ______________ meaning that practicing one health behavior doesn’t really affect the practice of other health behaviors.

Patterns

People all have different motivations for practicing health or risk behaviors and different _________ of behavior (ex: one person smokes in social situations another smokes as a stress reliever). This means that interventions may need to be more specific to the person.

Health Behaviors are independently

The practice of one behavior doesn’t inform us about the practice of another behavior. Ex: eating healthy but still smoking. Health behaviors aren’t correlated within individuals or between people.

Moderately

Health behaviors are at best _________ correlated.

1

Newsom analyzed data from 4 large data sets and 250,000. A metanalysis of data showed that there was only ______% variance between alcohol consumption, exercise, smoking and diet.

Alcohol consumption, exercise, smoking, and diet.

What variables did Newsom et. al study the correlation between in their meta analysis?

.10

What was the correlation found between alcohol consumption, exercise, smoking, and diet in the Newsom Meta analysis.

Weak

The correlation found between alcohol consumption, exercise, smoking, and diet in the Newsom meta analysis was very ________.

Diet

The strongest correlations in the Newsom study at 0.224 and 0.182 were between the variable ________ and smoking and ___________ and exercise.

Unstable

Health behaviors are very ____________ or hard to maintain over time

Relapse

After someone has successfully changed their behavior they revert and go back to the negative behavior.

Lapse

A one-time slip in reverting to the previous negative behavior.

80

There is an _______% correlation with a one-time lapse and a full blown relapse.

50%-90%

What is the relapse rate for addictive behaviors within the first year of successful change.

Relapse

______ is a huge problem in maintaining health behaviors. It is very common, especially in risk behaviors that are addictive.

Decreases

After the first year of maintaining abstinence, the likelihood of relapse ___________.

Decrease

In the graph showing abstinence of people struggling with drugs (cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol) there was a distinct _____ in abstinence over the year long period.

55%

About _____% of those struggling with alcohol use in the graph showing abstinence after discharge had a relapse.

80%

In the graph showing abstinence after discharge about __________ of those struggling with cocaine and marijuana had a relapse.

60%

In the graph showing abstinence after discharge about __________ of those struggling with opiates had a relapse.

Social Support

People who have low __________ ____________- are likely to relapse.

Envrionment

The social _______ including peer pressure can contribute to the likelihood of relapse.

Socioeconomic status

Low ______________________ including financial instability can lead to increases in relapse rate.

Mental Health

Those struggling with ____________ _______________ including depression and anxiety are more likely to relapse.

Coping mechanism

Those who used the risk behavior as a _____ ______ are more likely to relapse

Emotions

Those who are experiencing negative _________ such as anger, quilt or anxiety are more likely to relapse.

Stress

Those experiencing lots of _____ are more likely to relapse.

Self-efficacy

Those with a high sense of ________ -______________ are less likely to relapse.

50%

About ______ of the risk for addition has to do with biological/genetic factors.

Dopamine

The neurotransmitter that is involved in pleasure, motivation, and reward and plays a large role in the mechanism of addiction.

Dopamine Circuits

The final pathway for rewarding experiences.

Increase

Levels of dopamine ____________ during pleasurable experiences.

Cravings

Because addictive drugs can cause an increase in dopamine they can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and _____________ .

Pain

Dopamine exists in an area of the brain where there is an overlap of pleasure and ______. This can lead to even worse compulsions when the initial effect of the drug wears off.

Drug

The ______ that affects people the most strongly depends on the person and the wiring of their dopamine circuit.

150, 1000

Drugs like nicotine increase the amount of dopamine to _____% of the baseline and amphetamines are ______% of the baseline.