Caselli et al. 2022

AIDS epidemic

________ triggered a sharp decrease in life expectancy levels in many African countries.

Arrival of AIDS

________: pull many African countries back to life expectancy levels that were prevalent at the beginning of the second transition.

Introduction of the 4th stage of epidemiologic transition

maximum point of convergence of life expectancies (85 years) increase due to the achievements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Goal of the article

study the exceptions observed since 1960s in the general trend of increasing life expectancy

Exceptions

Sub-Saharan Africa + Eastern Europe

African countries

infant and child mortality declined significantly at a slow pace in almost all

Examples of slower progress

Niger, Ghana

In most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

infant and child mortality did not decrease rapidly

Arrival of AIDS

pull many African countries back to life expectancy levels that were prevalent at the beginning of the second transition

Rwandas genocide

reduced life expectancy

Second phase of the epidemiologic transition is far from having ended in Africa due to

slowness of health care advances + impact of AIDS

Countries of the former Soviet Union

male life expectancy underwent a sharp decline and female life expectancy stagnated in

Decline of life expectancy in Eastern Europe

is linked to the uncommon distortion of the structure of age-specific mortality

Increase in man-made diseases

deteriorated the health situation in Eastern European countries

policies

Rise of man-made diseases was curbed by efficient _____

cardiovascular

Revolution in the treatment of _______ diseases

convergence

After WWII, most countries made huge progress and joined the general trend of ______ of increased life expectancy

reach, developed

countries in Africa weren’t able to ______ a pace of progress sufficient to reduce the gap separating them from ________ countries

catch

None of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have been able to ______ up with developed countries

decline

Some countries had their life expectancy _____ over the last 2 decades

fluctuate

in Eastern Europe, life expectancy started to ______ in 1985

mortality

In Eastern Europe, there is excess _______ in the ages 25 and 55 both for male and female

cardiovascular

Eastern countries were unable to curb the increase in mortality due to ________ diseases

alcohol

in Eastern countries, mortality is related to _______ consumption