AP Biology Vocab Quiz

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A compound formed from ATP that acts as a second messenger.

G protein

a protein that binds the energy-rich molecule GTP

GDP, GTP

molecules involved in metabolic reactions of the cell

hormone

Chemical messengers that are produced by specialized glands in multicellular organisms.

hormone receptor protein

a molecule that can bind to a specific hormone

Intracellular Receptor

receptors located inside the cell rather than on its cell membrane

Ion channel receptor

receptor that acts as a gate that can be opened or closed that allows ions to cross the membrane

Ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

Local signaling

signaling between adjacent cells (paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic)

Protein Kinase

The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.

Protein Phosphatase

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

Protein Phosphorylation

The covalent addition of a phosphate group to a side chain of a protein, catalyzed by a protein kinase; serves as a form of regulation that usually alters the activity or properties of the target protein.

Reception

The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signal molecule by catalyzing the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to tyrosines on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. The phosphorylated tyrosines activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.

Relay Protein

protein that pass the message to the next signaling component i.e. protein

Response

a reaction to a stimulus

Second messengers

Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.

Scaffolding proteins

large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached

signal molecule

a molecule that activates an activator protein or represses a repressor protein

Signal transduction pathway

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

Steroid

A lipid molecule

Transcription Factors

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.

Transduced

signal changed into form that brings about a cellular response in a series of steps called a signal transduction pathway

Trisomy