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Chapter 6 // Microbial Growth
trace elements
micronutrients required in small amounts for enzyme function.
essential nutrients
substances needed for growth and health that the body cannot synthesize.
inorganic nutrients
nutrients that do not contain carbon or hydrogen. primary sources are the earth’s crust, atmosphere, and bodies of water.
organic nutrients
nutrients that contain carbon and hydrogen and are essential for living. primary sources are carbs, protein, fats, and vitamins.
essential nutrients in microbes?
CHONPS
simple “passive” diffusion
passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
what requires a cell to use ATP?
active transport: moving molecules against their concentration gradient.
hypotonic-
solution with a lower concentration of solutes that causes cells to swell.
hypertonic-
solution with a higher concentration of solutes that causes cells to shrink.
isotonic-
solution with equal concentration of solutes that maintains cell size.
most of the “dry weight” from microbial cells is from?
organic compounds
facilitated diffusion
molecules move across a cell membrane via special transport proteins, without the need for energy.
carrier-mediated “active” transport
molecules move against their concentration gradient using energy through special transport proteins.
phagocytosis
engulfing of large particles by a cell.
pinocytosis
engulfing of small particles or fluids for nutrient absorption.
facultative anaerobe
organism that can survive in multiple conditions, with or without oxygen
aerotolerant anaerobe
organism that does not use oxygen but can tolerate its presence.
halophile
organism that thrives in high salt concentrations.
binary fission
a method that allows bacteria to identically reproduce.
4 phases of bacterial growth
lag, exponential, stationary, death.
two main enzymes necessary for microorganisms to live in an environment with oxygen
catalase and superoxide dismutase.
