Studied by 9 people
Absolute poverty
A situation where a household's income is insufficient to afford a basic standard of goods and services where this standard is absolute and unchanging over time. It is often defined in relation to a nationally or internationally determined poverty line which determines the minimum income that can sustain a family in terms of its basic needs.
Actual growth
An increase in the amount of goods and services produced by an economy.
Aggregate demand(AD)
Total spending in an economy consisting of consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports
AD
C+I+G+(X-M)
Aggregate supply(AS)
The total amount of domestic goods and services supplied by businesses and the government.
Trade cycle
The periodic or regular fluctuations in national income/economic activity/GDP. The economy moves through various stages including booms, recessions, slumps and recoveries.
Capital Gains
The increase in the value of a capital asset when it is sold. It occurs when you sell an asset for more than what you originally paid for it.
Capital Expenditure
Spending by the government that includes infrastructure spending such as new motorways and roads, hospitals, schools and prisons.
Circular flow
The way in which income flows around the economy, from firms to households and back to firms in a continuous process.
Claimant count
A method of measuring unemployment that counts those who are eligible for job seekers allowance(JSA). Age range 18 - 60. Must be able to prove that the person is looking for work.
Consumer price Index(CPI)
A measure of the cost of living of the typical household. It compares the value of a basket of goods and services in one year with the value of the same basket in a base year. Measured as a percentage change in the value of the basket from one year to another
Consumption(C)
The total of all household spending in the economy. A component of AD.
Cost push inflation
Increases in companies' costs which are passed on to the consumer in the form of higher prices
Contractionary fiscal policy
Fiscal policy involves lower G and/or higher taxation
Contractionary monetary policy
An increase in interest rates which increases the cost of borrowing. Helps decrease I and C leading to lower AD.
Current Government Spending
This is spending on state-provided goods & services that are provided on a recurrent basis every week, month and year. For example salaries paid to people working in public healthcare and resources for state education and defence.
Deflation
Sustained percentage fall in the general price level
Deflationary gap (negative output gap/recessionary gap)
Occurs when real output is below the full employment level of output and unemployment is greater than the natural rate of unemployment
Demand pull inflation
AD increases faster than AS causing more demand for goods. Cause by rising AD and shown in the AD/AS model as a shift to the right of the AD curve
Discretionary fiscal policy
When governments make decisions regarding the amount of taxation and government spending in the economy.
Disinflation
A decrease in the rate of inflation. Inflation is positive by prices are rising by a smaller amount.
Disposable income
The money individuals have left over after income tax has been deducted from their salary.
Direct tax
A tax paid directly to the government by the persons on whom it is imposed.
Distribution of income
The spread of incomes between those paid the highest incomes and those paid the lowest incomes. Can be narrow or wide. Concerned with how much of an economy's total income different individuals or groups in the population receive.
Economic growth
Increases in total real output in an economy over time
Equilibrium
A state of balance such that there is no tendency to change
Equilibrium level of output
The level of output where where AD is equal to AS.
Exchange rate
The rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another or the number of units of foreign currency that correspond to the domestic currency
Expansionary fiscal policy
Fiscal policy that involves an increase in G up and/or decrease in T. Usually pursued in a recession and helps increase AD.
Expansionary monetary policy
Monetary policy that involves lower interest rates to decrease the cost of borrowing. Helps increase AD.
Factors production
The resources or inputs used to produce goods and services-
land, labour, capital and enterprise
Fiscal policy
The use of government spending, taxation and public sector borrowing in order to influence the level of AD in the economy.
Full employment
The unemployment that exists when the economy is producing potential output or real GDP and is in equilibrium
Gini Index
A summary measure of the information contained in the Lorenz curve. It measures the area between the diagonal line and the Lorenz Curve and represents it as a percentage of the whole area under the diagonal line.
Government spending
The third largest component of AD. The amount of money spent by the government on health, education etc.
Human Capital
The skills, abilities and knowledge acquired by people as well as good levels of health which makes labour more productive. It provides a stream of future benefits by increasing the amt of output that can be produced in the future.
Gross Domestic Product
The value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a year generated by factors of production located in that country.
Green GDP
GDP that takes into account the costs to the environment of economic activity.
Nominal GDP
GDP measured in terms of current prices, which do not take into account changes in the price level
Real GDP
The value of all goods and services produced by an economy in a year adjusted for inflation which is useful for making comparisons of changes in GDP over time
Real GDP per capita
It is a measure of the output of an economy in one year per person in the population adjusted for inflation.
Gross National Income
A measure of the goods and services produced by factors of production owned by residents of a country. It is equal to the value of all final goods and services produced by the FOP supplied by the country's residents regardless of where the FOP are located
GNI
GDP plus income from abroad minus income sent abroad
Income inequality
When there is a large difference between people who earn high incomes and those earning low incomes.
Index
A figure reflecting price or quantity compared with a base value. The base value always has an index number of 100. The index number is then expressed as 100 times the ratio to the base value.
Indirect tax
A tax levied on spending to buy goods and services. Payment by the consumer is involved but paid to the government through suppliers
Inflation
A sustained percentage increase in the general price level
Inflationary gap (positive output gap)
When real output is above potential output/GDP and lower than the natural rate of employment. It arises when the AD curve and SRAS curve intersect at a higher level of real GDP than potential GDP.
Interest rates
The cost of borrowing money expressed as a percentage
Interventionist Supply Side Policies
A policy based on government intervention in the market intended to affect the supply side of the economy. It increases potential output and aims to achieve long term economic growth.
Investment(I)
The spending by firms on capital equipment, adding to the capital stock of an economy. It is an injection into the circular flow of income.
Injections
In the circular flow of income model, it refers to the entry into income flow of funds.
I, G and X
injections into the circular flow
Labour force
People of working age who are not students, homemakers or disabled.
Labour force survey
A survey of 60,000 households/100,000 people. Counts those who looked for work in the last 4 week and are available for work in the next 2 weeks.
S, T and M
leakages from the circular flow
Level of unemployment
The number of people in the labour force who are unemployed
Long Run AS
The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy in the long run
Market-Based Supply Side Policies
Policies based on promoting well-functioning, competitive markets in order to influence the SS of the economy. It aims to shift the LRAS curve to the right, increase potential output and achieve long term economic growth.
Minimum wage
A price of labour set by governments in the labour market in order to ensure that low skilled workers can earn a wage high enough to access to basic goods and services. An example of a price floor
Monetary policy
A demand side policy that influences AD by changing interest rates, the money supply and/or access to credit.
Monetarist's inflation
Any increase in the money supply that is not backed up by an increase in GDP will lead to inflation.
Monetarist's LRAS
Perfectly inelastic (vertical) at the full employment level of output.
NAIRU (Non accelerating inflation rate of unemployment)
The rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium (no cyclical or real wage unemployment). It is usually made up of frictional, structural and seasonal unemployment.
Natural Rate of Unemployment.
The rate of unemployment that exists when the labour market is in equilibrium (no cyclical or real wage unemployment). It is usually made up of frictional, structural and seasonal unemployment.
Net exports
The smallest component of AD; Exports minus imports.
Positive output gap
when real output/GDP is above the potential level of output. Occurs in a boom. Inflationary.
Negative output gap
when real output/GDP is below the potential level of output. Occurs in a slump. Deflationary.
Potential growth
An increase in the amount an economy can produce (increase in PPF).
The poverty line
A monetary threshold under which an individual is considered to be living in poverty. The current international poverty line is $2.15 per day.
Productivity
Measured by the output per unit of input. The greater the units of outputs per unit of input the greater the productivity.
Real Wages
Payment for labour that have been adjusted for inflation.
Recession
An economic contraction where GDP is falling and the economy experiences two quarters of negative economic growth
Relative poverty
It describes circumstances in which people cannot afford to actively participate in society and benefit from the activities and experiences that most people take for granted. It is often defined as household income below 50% of the median household income; exists in all countries.
Savings
Income that is not spent but stored in financial institutions; a leakage from the circular flow of income.
Short Run AS
The total quantity of goods and services produced in an economy im the short run when wages and other resource prices are held constant
Supply side policies
Policies that focus on AS and aim to shift the LRAS curve to the right in order to achieve long term economic growth. The policies usually allow firms to lower their costs, thus boosting efficiency and competitiveness.
Sustainable development
Present development that allows future generation to access resources for further development in ways that do not deplete or degrade these resources
Transfer payments
A payment made by the government to individuals to redistribute income. A payment for which no good or service is received.
Wealth effect
An increase in wealth will lead to an increase in consumption.
Unemployment
The number of unemployed people above a particular age who are not working and who are actively looking for a job
Structural unemployment
unemployment caused by a change in the structure of the economy which causes a mismatch between the skills of those out of work and the skills needed to fill the available vacant job opportunities.
Cyclical unemployment
unemployment caused by a lack of AD in the economy
Classical unemployment
unemployment caused by the real wage being too high in the economy
Frictional unemployment
Time spent whilst workers leave one job and find another. A short term problem.
Seasonal unemployment
Unemployment caused by the changing of the seasons.
Universal Basic Income(UBI)
A government program in which every adult citizen receives a set amount of money regularly. The goals are to alleviate poverty and replace other need-based social programs that potentially require greater bureaucratic involvement
Lorenz Curve
A curve illustrating the degree of equality of income distribution in an economy. It plots the cumulative percentage of income received by cumulative shares of the population.
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