heart ch 15

right

which side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit?

left

which side of the heart pumps to the systemic circuit?

fibrous pericardium

the outer double-layer of the pericardium, surrounds the serous membrane

parietal pericardium

deep to the fibrous pericardium, outer layer of serous membrane (middle layer)

visceral pericardium

the inner layer of the serous membrane, attached to the surface of the heart. this layer is also called the epicardium

pericardial cavity 

the space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium 

epicardium

the outer layer of the heart wall that reduces friction, also called the visceral pericardium

myocardium

the thickest middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle tissue

endocardium

the thin inner layer of the heart wall, forms the inner lining of all of the heart chambers

interatrial septum

what structure separates the left and right atria?

interventricular septum

what structure separates the left and right ventricles?

left and right coronary arteries 

which arteries supply blood to the tissues of the heart and are the first 2 branches of the aorta?

posterior interventricular artery and right marginal branch

what are the 2 branches of the right coronary artery?

circumflex branch and anterior interventricular artery

what are the 2 branches of the left coronary artery?

left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

mechanical half heart, used temporarily until a donor heart is available

implantable replacement heart

an artificial heart that is used in people that cannot have a heart transplant and do not have long to live 

intercalated discs

in cardiac muscle cells, ______ are between cells and contain desmosomes and gap junctions to spread action potentials through a network of cells

functional syncytium

intercalated discs form a ______, which is a mass of merging cells that function as a unit

SA node (sinoatrial)

the pacemaker of the heart

atrial depolarization

p wave

ventricular depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular repolarization

t wave

systole, AV

first heart sound that occurs during ventricular _____ and is associated with the closing of the ____ valves is “lubb”

diastole, pulmonary and aortic semilunar

second heart sound that occurs during ventricular _____and is associated with the closing of the ____ valves is “dupp”

sympathetic, parasympathetic 

_____ and _____ fibers modify the heart rate in response to changing conditions such as physical exercise, body temperature, fight or flight response, and concentration of various ions (potassium and calcium)  

vagus

parasympathetic impulses that innervate the heart via ____ nerves lower the SA node rate of 100 BPM to 60-80 BPM

accelerator 

sympathetic impulses that innervate the heart reach it via ____ nerves and increase the heart rate 

baroreceptor reflexes

involve cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata, balance inhibitory and excitatory effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

70, 30

what percent of blood flows passively from the atria into the ventricles when the AV valves open? what percent does the atria systole action push in?

chordae tendineae

what structures prevent the cusps of the valves from bulging too far backward into the atria?

baroreceptor reflex response

“baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid artery sinuses detect blood pressure, increased pressure stretches receptors, parasympathetic cardioinhibitory reflex lowers heart rate and blood pressure.” what is this an example of?

lower, increase

parasympathetic cardioinhibitory reflex ____ heart rate and blood pressure while sympathetic cardioacceleratory reflex ____ heart rate.

arrhythmia

altered heart rhythm

fibrillation arrhythmia

uncoordinated, chaotic contraction of small areas of the myocardium

ventricular

which type of fibrillation is often fatal?

tachycardia, 100

abnormally fast heartbeat, >____ beats a minute at rest

bradycardia, 60

abnormally slow heartbeat, <___ beats a minute at rest

flutter

rapid, regular contraction of a heart chamber 250-350 beats a minute

ectopic pacemaker

damage to SA node may lead to the AV node taking over and acting as a secondary pacemaker. 40-60 beats a minute instead of 70-80

artificial pacemaker 

device used to treat disorders of cardiac conduction system, implantable and battery powered

angiogenesis, VEGF

formation of new blood vessels that is mostly controlled by the Vascular endothelial growth factor (or called ____). the body secretes this in response to blocked coronary artery.

edothelium

what is the tunica interna (intima) made of

smooth muscle and elastic tissue

what is the tunica media made of

connective tissue

what is the tunica externa (adventitia) made of

continuous

capillaries that have small openings, found in muscle, connective and nervous tissue, and skin

fenestrated

capillaries that have large openings in cell membranes and between endothelial cells, found in endocrine glands, kidneys, small intestine

sinusoidal

capillaries that have the largest openings of spaces between cells that are small cavities, found in liver, spleen, and red bone marrow

precapillary sphincter

band of smooth muscle that wraps around the beginning of a capillary to regulate blood flow

diffusion

most important method of transfer, lipid-soluble substances diffuse through cell membrane, water soluble substances diffuse through membrane channels and slits 

filtration

hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through membrane, pressure is derived from ventricular contraction

osmosis

presence of impermeant solute, such as plasma proteins, inside capillaries creates osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure draws water into capillaries, opposing filtration

colloid osmotic pressure

refers to pressure due to plasma proteins (in relation to osmosis)

greater

at arteriolar end of capillary, substances leave capillary by filtration because hydrostatic pressure is ______ than colloid osmotic pressure

less than

at venular end of capillary, substances are reabsorbed into capillary because hydrostatic pressure is _____ colloid osmotic pressure

transcytosis

large substances (antibodies and lipoproteins) use this method of transportation, substances enter endothelial cell by endocytosis, and leave other side of cell by exocytosis 

atherosclerosis

deposits of cholesterol plaque form in inner lining of walls of arteries

aneurysm

a bulge in the wall of an artery, formed when blood pressure dilates a weakened area of the vessel, can burst the wall of an artery

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein, common disorder

blood pressure

the force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels, circulates the blood, usually refers to the pressure in systemic arteries

arterial blood pressure

rises when the ventricles contract, falls when the ventricles relax

arterial systolic pressure

the maximum pressure reached during ventricular contraction

arterial diastolic pressure

the minimum pressure remaining before next ventricular contraction

pulse pressure

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

mean arterial pressure

average pressure in arterial system, represents average force driving blood to the tissues

SP / DP, mm Hg, sphygmomanometer 

how is blood pressure stated (—-/—--) ? what is the unit? what is it measured with?

stroke volume

volume of blood that enters the arteries with each ventricular contraction (70 mL/beat), difference between end diastolic volume and end systolic volume

cardiac output

volume of blood discharged from a ventricle each minute

SV, HR

what is the equation for cardiac output? CO = ____ x ____

4-5, 5-6

blood pressure is directly proportional to blood volume. usually about 5 liters for adults. __-__ liters in a female and __-__ in a male

peripheral resistance

force of friction between blood and walls of blood vessels

viscosity

difficulty with which molecules of fluid flow past each other

CO, PR

what is the equation for blood pressure? BP = ___ x ___

end diastolic volume

volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

end systolic volume

volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular systole 

epinephrine

a hormone from adrenal medulla, increases heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure 

vasomotor center 

in the medulla oblongata, regulates the diameter of arteries 

veins

blood vessels that act as a blood reservoir

central venous pressure

pressure in the right atrium is called

systemic venous circulation 

returns blood to heart after exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and cells

marfan syndrome 

a connective tissue defect, involves an abnormal type of the protein fibrillin, which can weaken the wall of the aorta, can result in the bursting of the aorta

familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 

a myosin defect, inherited overgrowth of myocardium, caused by abnormal myosin chain in cardiac muscle, can result in sudden death 

familial hypercholesterolemia

abnormal low density lipoprotein, receptors on liver cells do not take up cholesterol from blood, results in high cholesterol, coronary artery disease 

coronary artery disease

disease involving deposition of cholesterol plaque on inner walls of coronary arteries, often causes pain in chest (angina pectoris), heart attack (myocardial infarction) high cholesterol, and hypertension 

aortic root

portion of the aorta that is attached to the heart

aortic bodies

baroreceptors in the aortic arch that monitor blood pressure