Chapter 8-- Securing the Republic

the revolution of “1800”: what was the revolution of 1800? Why was it significant?

The revolution of "1800" refers to the peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist Party to the Democratic-Republican Party led by Thomas Jefferson, marking a significant moment in American democracy and establishing the precedent of political change through electoral processes

slavery and politics: how did Jefferson win the election

through slavery— he was popular in the south where slave votes counted as 3/5 of a person

slavery and politics: slavery was still an ongoing issue, but why did people try to disincluded it in national politics?

many believed that slavery created divides between region and in order to maintain stability, slavery should not be included in national politics

haitian revolution: why did African Americans flee to Haiti

because the Haitian government offered political rights and economic opportunities that weren’t given in the US

gabriel’s rebellion: what was gabriel’s rebellion?

it was an 1800 uprising planned by VA slaves to gain their freedom. the uprising was led by a blacksmith named Gabriel Prosser

gabriel’s rebellion: what was the outcome of gabriel’s rebellion?

• failed uprising

• govt tightened control over black people

  • Couldn’t go to church on Sundays without white supervision 

  • Restricted masters from releasing/freeing their slaves

jefferson in power: what did Jefferson hope to do during his presidency

he hoped to dismantle as much of the federalists population as possible & reduce the size and power of the federal government while promoting agrarianism and states' rights.

judicial review: what was the Mary v. Madison (1803)? why was it significant

It was significant because it established the principle of judicial review, giving the supreme court the power to declare unconstitutional laws

judicial review: why was Fletcher v. Peck significant

Fletcher v. Peck (1810) was significant as it was the first case in which the Supreme Court struck down a state law as unconstitutional, reinforcing the principle of judicial review

louisiana purchase: what was the Louisiana purchase?

US purchased 828,000 sq. miles of land for $15 million & it doubled the US size 

louisiana purchase: why did Jefferson purchase the Louisiana purchase

to secure control of the Mississippi River & the port of New Orleans, which were vital for trade & western expansion

louisiana purchase: what did the louisiana purchase end

The era of French colonial presence in North America

Lewis and Clark: what were the Lewis and Clark expedition

The Lewis and Clark expedition was a journey commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, map the region, and establish trade with Native American tribes

the Barbary wars: how did foreign relations serve as a challenge when trying to avoid foreign conflicts

relationship with Britain and the fact they are America’s biggest commerce trading partner meant they were going to be dragged into war regardless

• ex: jefferson sought to limit national government power but foreign relations made him expand it → the 1st war fought in the US was to protect American commerce

the Barbary wars: what had Barbary states been wanting to do? what did they do to achieve this?

The Barbary states had been demanding tribute from American merchant ships, resorting to piracy and seizures to achieve this goal

barbary wars: what did America do to maintain peace among Barbary states

agreed on an annual payment for peace until they started increasing the price, which led to the Americans and Tripoli’s fighting

barbary wars: what were the Barbary wars

the US’s first encounter with the islamic world

the Barbary wars: what were US views on muslims

viewed them as exotic people who didn’t adhere to western standard

the embargo: what was the embargo act

a ban on American vessels sailing for foreign ports

the embargo: why did Jefferson enact the embargo act

he hoped the act would stop European interference with their trade and stop impressments

the embargo: why did the embargo not help the colonies

• American exports dropped by 80%.

• The American Economy went South 

Madison and Pressure for War: what policy did Madison adopt? what did it do?

Macon's Bill No. 2, which allowed trade to resume; however, if France/Britain interfered w/ American trade, an embargo would be set in place 

madison and pressure for war: why were a group of congressmen thinking about war w/ britain

bc British kept interfering w/ American trade, so the congressmen wanted to defend america’s national honor and believed it was a necessity to uphold principles of trade

how did the Louisiana purchase affect removal of indians tribes beyond the MS River

it made it a lot easier to remove them

the government continued to promote __ farmers among the Indians 

settled

the Indian response: why were Natives infuriated by the assimilation-process and indian-white ancestry

they didn’t want to be influenced by Europeans and instead follow their own traditions/culture

indian response: movements of what spread across Indian life

revitalization of indian life

Tecumseh’s Vision

• Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa: they both didn’t want to be near whites & resisted → Tecumseh called for attacks on American frontier settlements

  • American forces destroyed Prophetstown in battle of Tippecanoe

the war of 1812: What Native leader's resistance was reportedly supported by the British, contributing to the War of 1812?

Tecumseh

the war of 1812: What were two major causes of the War of 1812?

British support for Native resistance and attacks on American shipping.

the war of 1812: : Which regions supported and opposed the War of 1812?

South and West supported; mercantile states like New Jersey opposed.

the war of 1812: What was historically significant about the U.S. declaration of the War of 1812?

It was the first time the U.S. formally declared war on another country.

the war of 1812: What was the state of the American military at the start of the war?

It was weak, and commerce suffered greatly

the war of 1812: What happened during the British assault on Baltimore in 1813?

Fort McHenry repelled the attack, inspiring “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

the war of 1812: What was the War of 1812 a “two-front” struggle against?

The British and their Native American allies

the war of 1812: What happened in 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?

Andrew Jackson and allied Native Americans defeated the Creek, killing over 800

the war of 1812: What treaty ended the War of 1812?

treaty of ghent

the war of 1812: Why was the Battle of New Orleans fought after the war of 1812 ended?

News of the Treaty of Ghent hadn't reached the U.S. yet

the war of 1812: What did Britain hope to achieve by attacking New Orleans?

Control of the Mississippi River, a key trade route.

the war of 1812: What happened to enslaved people who escaped to British lines during the war?

Britain was pressured to return them but instead settled many in Nova Scotia.

How was the War of 1812 similar to the War of Independence?

Both featured enslaved people seeking freedom through the British and British-Native alliances

the war aftermath

• Jackson's victory in New Orleans made him a national hero

• The war confined the Republican government's ability to conduct war without surrendering its institutions

• the war completed conquest of the Area east of Mississippi River, which had began during the Revolution

the war of 1812 and the canadian background: what did the war of 1812 solidify and why?

it solidified the divide between Canada and the US because

• canadians saw American traders as spies

• U.S. attacks on Canada failed; boosted Canadian anti-Americanism

• despite trade & family ties, U.S. looked west, not north

the war of 1812 and the canadian background: what did the war reaffirm? and what did this cause?

the war reaffirmed national identities and each side developed stereotypes of each other

• americans saw Canadians as monarchical, European, anti-liberty

• canadian’s saw Americans as violent and disorderly

end of federalist party: What was one key political success of Jefferson and Madison regarding party politics?

They eliminated the Federalist Party as a major national force

end of federalist party: how did the War of 1812 temporarily revive the Federalist Party?

Anti-war sentiment helped DeWitt Clinton challenge Madison in the 1812 election

end of federalist party: What was the Hartford Convention (1814)?

A meeting of New England Federalists to protest the war and declining Northeastern influence

end of federalist party: What constitutional changes did the Hartford Convention propose?

Remove the 3/5 clause; require 2/3 vote for new states, war declarations, and trade restrictions

end of federalist party: Did the Hartford Convention call for secession?

No — it asserted states' rights but did not advocate secession

end of federalist party: What impact did Jackson’s victory at New Orleans have on the Federalists?

It fueled nationalism and made Federalists seem unpatriotic, accelerating their decline

end of federalist party: What Federalist concern proved long-lasting?

Southern dominance of the federal government

end of federalist party: How was Federalist economic vision ironically fulfilled?

Postwar growth strengthened commercial development, despite Republican resistance