Colonial America, Slavery, and the Seven Years' War

Flashcards covering key historical concepts from colonial America, including slave trade systems, political philosophies, religious revivals, and territorial wars.

What was the Asiento in the context of the Atlantic slave trade?

An agreement where Spain granted a foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America.

How many slaves were transported across the Atlantic between 1492 and 1820 according to the transcript?

7.7 million slaves.

What were the three legs of the Triangle Trade route?

British goods were shipped to Africa, slaves were transported to the colonies, and colonial goods were shipped to Britain.

What proportion of slaves perished during the Middle Passage before reaching the New World?

$\frac{1}{5}$ of slaves perished before arriving in the New World.

What were the three distinct slave systems established in the British mainland colonies?

Tobacco plantations in the Chesapeake, rice plantations in South Carolina and Georgia, and non-plantation slavery in New England and the Middle Colonies.

What was the social hierarchy in the Chesapeake slave society?

Large planters at the top, followed by lesser planters, landowning yeomen, and finally convicts, slaves, and farmers.

What specific rights were stripped from freed Black people in the Chesapeake?

They lost the right to employ white servants, bear arms, were subjected to special taxes, and were punished for striking white people.

How did the Task System function on rice plantations?

Slaves were assigned specific daily jobs or chores, and once completed, they were allowed free time.

How did malaria influence plantation management in the Rice Kingdom?

Because white settlers feared contracting malaria, enslaved Africans who were immune were allowed to oversee the plantations themselves.

Who founded the Georgia Experiment in 1732, and what was its original purpose?

It was founded by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe as a haven for the "worthy poor" to obtain economic opportunities.

What legal rights were granted to enslaved people in the Northern colonies compared to the South?

Slaves in the North could have marriages legally recognized, could not be legally abused, could testify in court, and could own property.

What was the immediate outcome of the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina?

It led to a severe tightening of South Carolina's slave code.

What was impressment as practiced by the British Royal Navy?

The practice of kidnapping poor men off the street and forcing them to serve in maritime naval service.

What were the core principles of Republicanism and the Country Party in the 18th century?

Republicanism emphasized active participation in public life by economically independent citizens, while the Country Party emphasized the political role of independent landowners and warned against politics infringing on liberty.

What occurred during the 1712 slave uprising in New York City?

A group of slaves set fire to houses and killed several white residents, resulting in the execution of 18 conspirators by torture and being burned alive in public.

How did John Locke define Liberal Freedom?

As a philosophy centered on individual rights, consent of the governed, the right of rebellion against oppression, and defense of property and divorce rights for women.

What was the concept of "Deference" in colonial political culture?

The assumption among ordinary citizens that wealthy and educated individuals held the inherent right to hold public office.

What was the policy of "Salutary Neglect"?

A practice where British imperial authority remained weak, allowing colonial assemblies to govern themselves and dominate local politics.

Why was the Pennsylvania assembly considered the most powerful in the colonies?

It eliminated the governor's council, established a unicameral legislature, and held control over finance, appointments, the military, and currency printing.

What was the Junto, founded by Benjamin Franklin?

A weekly discussion club for mutual improvement where citizens openly debated political and economic affairs.

How did Arminianism and Deism differ in their theological views?

Arminianism held that reason alone was capable of establishing the essentials of religion, whereas Deism believed God created Earth and then withdrew without divine intervention.

What was the significance of the Trial of Zenger in 1735?

John Peter Zenger was acquitted after criticizing the governor for corruption, establishing the principle that truthful statements should be published and advancing freedom of the press.

Who sparked the Great Awakening in the American colonies through emotional preaching?

English minister George Whitefield.

How did the Great Awakening split Protestant congregations?

It split congregations into Old Lights (traditionalists) and New Lights (revivalists).

Why was Father Junípero Serra a controversial figure in Spanish California?

While he founded the first California mission and converted thousands of Indians, the mission system subjected native populations to forced labor, whipping, imprisonment, and deadly disease.

What was the "Middle Ground" in colonial North America?

The borderland region in the Ohio Valley where France, Britain, and rival Indian tribes competed for trade and regional control.

How was territorial control redistributed under the Treaty of Paris following the Seven Years' War?

France gave Canada to Britain in exchange for its sugar islands, Spain gave Florida to Britain in exchange for the Philippines and Cuba, and Spain received Louisiana, ending the French empire in North America.

What inspired Pontiac's Rebellion following the Seven Years' War?

The teachings of the religious prophet Neolin, who urged Native Americans to reject European technology, liberate themselves from white ties, and unite under a single Indian identity.

What was the purpose of the Proclamation Line of 1763?

To ban colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains in response to Native American uprisings.

What was the Albany Plan of Union?

A proposal created after the Seven Years' War to establish a grand council of colonial delegates with the power to levy taxes and manage relations with Native Americans.