Psych 111 terms (Test 1)

Evolutionary Psych

form of psychology that examines traits that helped ancestors

• Aggression within relationship

• Comparative Psychology: comparing animals and humans

Cultural Psych

how cultural heritage shape who we are and what we do

• anthropology: scientific and humanistic study of humanity

Industrial/Organizational Psych

psychology behind production and consumer culture

• what makes workers more productive

• what would make consumers want to buy more

• Social psychology

Educational Psych

focus on education and learning

• affective learning

• best forms of teaching

• includes behavioral psychology

Forensic Psych

Clinical side: focus on criminal mind and determine behavior

experimental side: eye witness testimony, interrogation

• used generally to bring about more of a just system for appliance of law

Differential Psych

individual differences and how it affects behavior and mind

• personality psychology but on much bigger scope and includes more

Environmental Psych

impact on environment, how to get individuals to care for environment, how environment impacts individuals

Basic v applied research

______: done to expand general knowledge

______: looking to understand some aspects of real world to be able to solve real world issues

Reciprocal determination

mutually influencing each other’s behavior

Skepticism

Cannot believe everything that the eye sees

• good = collecting evidence for understanding

• bad = extreme paranoia + nothing is what it seems

Naive realism

Only believing what the eyes can see

• ex: flat earthers who see the horizon = flat

Peer review

Knowledgeable others in own field that are looking at research to decide if others should be exposed to it

Parsimony

trying to come up with easiest and most simple explanation for the largest number of behavior

• Occams Razor: pick idea with fewest assumptions and most simplicity

Method of Observation v. Explanation

______: explains what people are actually doing

______: explains why people are actually doing it

Scientific Method:

• Observe

• Theory

• Hypothesis

• Design a study

• Collect Data

• Analyze and draw conclusion 

• Report and revise

• Replicate

• _____: understand what phenomenon is

• _____: believed explanation for a behavior/phenomenon

• _____: specific testable statement is what makes it diff from theory

  • Ex: Theory: room color affects emotion,

  • _____: blue room has sadder people

• _____

• _____

• _____ and _____

• _____ and _____

• _____: run study again either the same or related alternative

Hindsight Bias

once an outcome is released, we force ourselves to believe we already thought of the right outcome

• “I knew it all along” mindset

Overconfidence

humans are naturally inclines to be _____ since they naturally want to be correct and not wrong

Percieving patterns

humans like ______ and not no explanation or chaos so they start seeing ______ in things or situations where it doesn’t actually exist

• ex: superstition

Post Truth

culture where emotion and personal belief is more important and logistical and objective facts

Repititon

more an individual hears an idea, the more they start to believe it

Availability of powerful examples

emotional or intense/powerful stories tend to influence humans more than it should

Elements of research:

Hypotheses:

Independent variable:

Dependent variable:

Control condition:

Operational definition:

______: testable statement and builds research off of that statement

______: causes the change in the experiment

• How many levels or conditions should there be?

  • Ex: color experiment with 2 room colors, 4 pots of diff amount of fertilizer

  • More levels more complicated

______: the variable that changes due to the change of (Previous term above)

______: baseline of an experiment

______: Taking abstract and defining it to be able to be observable or measurable

• Ex: sadness and emotion experiment

  • Give a scale for people to rate, or counting frowns

Themes of Psychology: Empirical

Has been tested, very scientific and generally objective

Themes of Psychology: Theoretically Diverse

multiple frameworks and ideas to help understand human mind not just using one methodology

Themes of Psychology: Sociohistorical Evolution

influenced by growth and change

• ex: communication 10 yrs ago v. today

Themes of Psychology: Multiple Casuality

same thing having different causes

Theme of Psychology: Cultural Heritage

influence of shared customs, beliefs, traditions, along with pass down from generations

Themes of Psychology: Nature v. Nurture

influence/control of individuals whether genetic trait or environmental impact

Themes of Psychology: Subjectivity

many abstract topics and or answers

• repititon of studies and small changes

• different perspectives

• no one unified answer since individuals have different lens

Psychology

study of human mind and behavior

Clinical v. Experimental Psychology

______: study and treatment of psychology disorders

______: scientific investigation for basic psychological processes

G Stanley Hall

Person:

• 1st PhD in Psych

• Founded American Psych Association (APA)

• associated with school of Functionalism

Margaret Floy Washburn

1st woman to be awarded PhD in Psychology

Francis Cecil Sumner

1st Black individual to receive psych PhD

Job: Clinical (PhD)

Treatment of Psychological disorders

Job: Counseling

For people who don’t meet criteria for Clinical aid but still need psychological help

Job: Community

Promoting well being within ______

• ex: how parks will affect ______ using them

Job: Psychiatry (MD)

Medical Pharma component of psychological disorders

Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalysis, Behavorism, Humanism

5 Schools of Psychology

Empirical, Theoritcally Diverse, Subjectivity, Cultural Heritage, Sociohistorical evolution, Multiple Casuality, Nature v Nurture

7 Themes of psychology

Early theory: (1) Nativisim(Pluto) v. (2)Empiricism(Aristotle)

(Name individual associated with 1 and 2)

1. Born with innate knowledge

2. All knowledge gained through experience

Early theory: Demons/Demonic

Psychological disorders were deemed as _____ caused by _____ and not because of issues with human mind

• super natural

• Trephination: cure which was drilling holes into skulls (Precursor for lobotomy)

Early theory: Biologic

different psychological traits were attributed to/stored in different organs

Early theory: John Locke

(person): believed all knowledge is based on experience and observation

Early theory: Witchcraft

believed that _____ was the cause of psychological behavior/issues

Early theory: Philosophical dualism

mind and body are completely separated and should be treated as such

Early theory: Phrenology

bumps and divots in skull are related to different psychological elements

Modern trajectory: Psychoanalysis

unconscious drives our psychology

• study of interaction between unconscious and conscious mind

• largely credited to freud

Modern Trajectory: Behaviorism

Observable behavior makes psychology a science

• John Locke

Modern Trajectory: Humanism

all humans have the capability for good

Modern Trajectory: Cognitive

interpretation and understanding of interpretation leading to behavior

• leads to making computers think more like humans

• Kurt Lwein

Modern Trajectory: Social

effect of real/imagined others on behaviors & cognition

Modern Trajectory: Biopsychosocial

integrate biological components, environmental/experiences, and temporary social situations

Modern Theories: Real v. Perceived world

Objects exist independently of us and that we experience them directly through our senses

• our senses guide us to survive, not to show us objective understanding of the universe

• perception is interpretation

Modern Theories: Sensation and perception (Gestait)

More info from understanding something as a whole (understanding using the context rather than breaking down into elements)

Modern Theories: (Helmholtz)

(Individual): Studied nerves and signals traveling as fast as electricity

Modern Theories: Structuralism

First school of Psych:

• Wilhem Wundt(Godfather of psych)

• 1879 opened 1st psych lab

• introspection: asking individuals whats going on in mind

Modern Theories: Functionalism

• whats the function of our consciousness

• William James(founded)

Schools of Psych: structuralism

founded by: Wundt

• first psych lab opened in 1879

Schools of Psych: functionalism

founded by: William James

• G stanley hall also associated

Schools of Psych: psychoanalysis

founded and famoused by: Sigmund freud

Schools of Psych: behavorism

founded by: John Watson

• B.F. Skinner: all human and animal behavior is shaped by environmental consequences rather than internal mental states

Schools of Psych: humanism

founded by: Maslow and Rogers

Informed Consent

participant needs to understand all risks prior to engaging in the study

Respect for Person

No coersien to participate in the study

• includes monetary coersien

Beneficence

Benefits need to out way the cost of participation

• studies that do have manipulation/deception must have more benefits than negatives(still cannot include risks)

Confidentiality

Participation in a study or information gained that correlated to your name cannot be shared to outside sources that does not relate to the lab and research of said experiment

Fairness

Any benefits that a group of participants in an experiment gained must be available to all participants

Debriefing

Letting a participant know what they did in a study and why

• revealing small deception

Animal Research

Many more rules and regulations that have to do with animals since they cannot consent to participation to protect safety

Misconduct:

• Plagiarism:

• Falsification:

• Fabrication:

intentional ethical violation

• _____: using someone else’s word or idea

• _____: using data collected and modifying it (Usually to match hypothesis)

• _____: completely making. up data

Observer bias

• demand characteristic

• blindness

bias on experimenters part in their interaction with participant

• _____: behavior on experimenters part that are being picked up by participant which influences their behavior(could be accidental)

• _____: If you as the experimenter don’t know what group the participant is in/going/interacting with what variable

Hawthorne effect

people behave differently when they know they’re being watched/observed

social desirability bias

• bogus pipline

When a participant behaves in a way not true to them but in a way that’s desirable or expected to be by society

• _____: using fake lie to make people be more honest in a research (Lie about knowing when participant lies)

confound/third variable problem

Something that drives the variables of interest, changing relationship that didn’t include that something to begin with technically

• ex: Li(1975), electrical compliance correlates with birth control

• reality, wealth was related to birth control

(1)Universal v. (2) Ecological view (Nature v. Nurture)

_____: (1) All humans develop in a certain way

_____: (2) Environment and culture impact human development

Teratogen

dangerous components that a fetus can be exposed to during development that can impact later development

(1)Critical v. (2)Sensitive periods

_____:(1)  If some sort of behavior or trait is not developed by a certain point, it will never develop

_____:(2) Easier for a behavior or trait to develop but still can develop afterwards

Stage theory

 in order to move to next stage of development, previous stage must be completed

Habituation

baby eventually becomes bored of a stimulant/stops responding to old stim.

• If it is drawn to something, it sees it as new stimulant

Infantile Amnesia

rapid brain growth disrupts brain memory leading to no recollection

Social clock

 expected right time/age for major life milestones dictated in a society

• Ex: Graduation, marriage, retirement

Experiment

_____ includes allowing for us to determine causality, how to control independent variable, and assign participant in the most fair way

Quasi-Experiment

a study which has some components within the participant has a variable that cannot be helped/do not have control over

• ex: study done not correlated to gender at all could have slight skews because gender could impact dependent variable

(1)Cross sectional v. (2)Longitudinal design

(1): 3 participant groups that test 3 different levels of an independent variable at the same time

• good for limited time

(2): 1 group of participant that tests 3 different levels one at a time

• good for participant control

Field Study

General term for taking an experiment out into the real world rather than keeping it in the lab in order to have less artificialness

Naturalistic Observation

Observing individuals in their natural environments to witness them in their most natural form/state

Case Study

a circumstance created by an individual which allows for the opportunity for a study to gain an understanding of the experience/accidental experiment

• cannot recreate situation in the lab largely due to ethics

Survey

Asking people questions and getting responses

• quick and large participation but only limited information could be gained

(1)Between-subject v. (2)Within Subject

(1): comparing average responses from 2 groups which each experience 1 level

(2): comparing responses of 1 group that experienced multiple levels

Reliability:

same person who does same test/survey will get same results across multiple trials

Validity:

measuring what I think I am truly measuring

(1) Internal v. (2)External validity

(1): How much control a researcher has over their study

• confidence over true rep. of cause and effect relationship

(2): how similar/ applicable the research can be to the real world

(1)Sample v. (2)Population

(1): the actual participants within a study

(2): who the study is trying to apply the results to

WEIRD sample

sample that come from more western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic societies that don’t technically truly rep. population

Self Selection bias

some participants pick studies to be apart of that peak interest

• data could change if individual was not interested in the topic of study causing skew

Mean:

Mode:

Median:

_____: Average of all results

_____: the result with the most concentration of answers

_____: the result right in the middle of all answers

inferential stats

• t test

• f stat

• p value

determines significant differences b/t groups

• _____: comparing 2 diff groups situation/context

• _____: comparing more than 3 diff. group contexts

• _____: value of 5% or 1% chance that diff. is not significant/by chance

Correlation strength

• strongest _____ when further from 0 (+ or -)

(1)Positive v. (2)Negative v. (3)Symmetrical skews

1: more data towards beginning

2: more data towards end

3: generally centered