Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures Study guide

Myrtos, Crete

An Early Minoan settlement located on the southern coast of Crete, defined by distinctive pottery, advanced urban planning, and the development of trade and cultural connections.

Knossos, Crete

The most famous of the Minoan palaces, serving as the political and religious center of the Minoan civilization.

Throne Room

A central room in Knossos with a large stone throne, symbolic of Minoan religious and royal life.

Shrine and Figurines

Contained in Knossos, these were used for religious ceremonies, with many figurines depicting deities or worshippers.

Frescoes

Brightly colored wall paintings in Knossos depicting scenes from daily life, such as bull-leaping, suggesting Minoan cultural values.

Great Courtyard

A vast open area in Knossos for public events, ritual activities, and gatherings.

Magazines

Storerooms in Knossos for grain, oil, and other commodities, showcasing the palace as a redistribution center.

Linear A

The undeciphered script used by the Minoans for administrative and religious purposes, with symbols representing syllables.

Kamares Ware

A pottery style known for its smooth surfaces, bright colors, and intricate patterns, associated with the peak of the Minoan civilization.

Marine Style Ware

A pottery style recognizable by its depictions of marine life, emphasizing the Minoans' close relationship with the sea.

Tomb of Rekmire Frescoes

Frescoes in the tomb of an Egyptian vizier providing insight into interactions between Egypt and the Aegean world during the New Kingdom.

Minoan Frescoes, Tell el-Dab'a Palace

Frescoes in Egypt reflecting cultural exchanges between Egypt and the Minoans, showing Minoan artistic techniques.

Shrine and Chryselephantine Cult Statue, Palaikastro

A shrine containing a gold and ivory cult statue, reflecting the Minoan's dedication to religious iconography.

Gold Rings with Cultic Scenes

Minoan gold rings depicting religious or mythological scenes, demonstrating the importance of religion in Minoan society.

Limestone Painted Sarcophagus, Ayia Triada

A sarcophagus featuring detailed frescoes and carvings depicting funerary rituals and religious themes.

Aegean Sea

The body of water separating Greece from Turkey, playing a central role in the development of Aegean civilizations.

Cyclades

A group of islands in the Aegean Sea, known for their early Bronze Age settlements and distinctive marble figurines.

Crete

The largest Greek island, home to the Minoan civilization, famous for its palaces like Knossos and its advanced culture.

Knossos

The largest Minoan palace complex, located on Crete, with significant architectural and artistic achievements.

Thera

An island in the Aegean Sea, where a volcanic eruption around 1600 BCE had a profound impact on the Minoan civilization.

Egypt

A major ancient civilization located along the Nile River, known for its monumental architecture, rich culture, and interaction with Aegean civilizations.

Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a)

An ancient city in the Nile Delta, where Minoan influences have been found in art and material culture.

Hellenes

Ancient Greeks, the people who gave rise to classical Greek culture and civilization.

Linear A

The undeciphered Minoan script used for administrative and ceremonial purposes.

Sir Arthur Evans

The British archaeologist who excavated the palace of Knossos and coined the term 'Minoan' for the ancient Cretan civilization.

Minoan Palace

A complex structure used for administrative, religious, and ceremonial functions, such as the palaces at Knossos and Phaistos.

State Formation

The process through which a centralized government or authority develops within a society, as seen in the rise of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.

King Minos and the Labyrinth

A legendary figure in Greek mythology, said to have built the labyrinth to imprison the Minotaur. The palace at Knossos is often associated with this myth.

Faience

A type of glazed ceramic, often brightly colored, used extensively by the Minoans.

Fresco

A wall-painting technique in which pigments are applied to wet plaster, commonly used in Minoan art.

Lustral Basin

A ritual bathing structure found in Minoan palaces, indicating the importance of purification in religious practices.

Thalassocracy

A maritime-based empire or sea power, like the Minoans, who controlled trade routes in the Mediterranean.

Redistribution Center

A central location where goods, particularly agricultural produce, were collected and distributed, as seen in the palaces of Crete.

The Theran Volcanic Eruption

A catastrophic volcanic eruption that occurred around 1600 BCE on the island of Thera (Santorini), which significantly impacted Minoan society.

Post-Palatial Period

The period following the fall of the Minoan palaces, around 1450 BCE, marked by a decline in Minoan civilization.

Sarcophagus

A stone coffin, often elaborately decorated, used in ancient burial practices.

Tholos Tomb

A circular tomb with a corbelled roof, typically used by the Mycenaeans for royal burials.

Shaft Graves, Grave Circles A and B, Mycenae

These graves, located at Mycenae, are among the most important archaeological finds of the early Mycenaean period.

Cuirass Tomb, Dendra

A monumental Mycenaean tomb that contained armor in the shape of a human torso (cuirass), revealing advanced metalworking and warrior culture.

Tomb of the Griffin Warrior, Pylos

The tomb of the Griffin Warrior is one of the most important Mycenaean burial sites, containing elaborate grave goods and artistic treasures.

Linear B Documents

Linear B is the script used by the Mycenaeans, a deciphered form of writing that represents early Greek.

Citadel and Tholoi Tombs, Mycenae

The citadel of Mycenae, with its massive walls and impressive architecture, served as a central hub for Mycenaean power.

Tholoi Tombs

Large, beehive-shaped structures used for elite burials, often filled with lavish grave goods.

Lion Gate

One of the most famous examples of Mycenaean architecture, showcasing their advanced stone-cutting techniques.

Egyptian Faience Plaques

Plaques found in Mycenae indicating cultural and trade links between Egypt and Mycenae.

Palace of Nestor

A large Mycenaean palace complex, rich with architectural and artistic remnants.

Ulu Burun Shipwreck

A famous Bronze Age shipwreck discovered off the coast of Turkey, containing a vast array of artifacts from across the Mediterranean.

The Amarna Letters

A collection of diplomatic correspondence between Egypt and other ancient kingdoms, including Mycenaean states.

The Aegean List

A record of various Aegean states and their rulers, found in Amenhotep III's mortuary complex.

Peloponnesos

The peninsula in southern Greece, home to the Mycenaean civilization.

Aegean Sea

The body of water between Greece and Asia Minor, crucial for trade and cultural exchange during the Bronze Age.

Pylos, Mycenae, Argolid

Important Mycenaean sites in Greece, known for their palaces and burial practices.

Asia Minor, Troy, the Hittite Empire

Regions that interacted with the Mycenaeans, particularly in trade and warfare.

Amarna

The capital city of Egypt during the reign of Akhenaten, known for its diplomatic correspondence with Aegean rulers.

Heinrich Schliemann

Archaeologist credited with the discovery of the ancient city of Troy.

Linear B

The script used by the Mycenaeans, an early form of Greek, which has been deciphered.

Wanax

The term for the Mycenaean king, often associated with military and political power.

Basileus

A term for a local leader or ruler in the Mycenaean world.

Lawagetas

A high-ranking military leader or commander in Mycenaean society.

Warrior Burial

A form of burial where individuals, often of high status, were buried with weapons and other grave goods.

Postern Gate

A secondary or hidden entrance to a Mycenaean fortress or citadel.

Cistern

An underground tank used to store water, often found in Mycenaean palace complexes.

Tholos Tomb

A circular, domed burial structure used for elite Mycenaean burials.

Ashlar Masonry

Large, carefully shaped stones used in the construction of Mycenaean buildings.

Cyclopean Masonry

Massive stonework used in Mycenaean architecture, named for the legendary Cyclopes.

The Hittites

A powerful empire in Anatolia that interacted with the Mycenaeans and Egyptians.

Ahhiyawa

The term used in Hittite records to refer to a Mycenaean-like people.

Luwian

An ancient Anatolian language, often used in the Hittite Empire.

Cuneiform

A script developed by the Sumerians, used for writing in ancient Mesopotamia.

Gift Exchange

A diplomatic practice where goods were exchanged between rulers, common in the ancient world.

Mycenaeans

Ancient Greek civilization, c. 1600-1200 BCE.

Heinrich Schliemann

Archaeologist who rediscovered Mycenaean culture.

Homer

Ancient Greek poet, author of the Iliad.

Grave Circle A

Notable burial site in Mycenae, rich artifacts.

Grave Circle B

Another burial site, less wealth than Circle A.

Shaft Graves

Deep burial sites indicating elite status.

Tholos Tomb

Beehive-shaped tomb for elite Mycenaean individuals.

Niello technique

Metalworking method using dark inlays in bronze.

Funerary mask

Gold mask placed on deceased in burial.

Cuirass Tomb

Tomb type with valuable armor, c. 1500-1400 BCE.

Bronze Panoply

Full armor set worn by Mycenaean warriors.

Dendra Armor

Heavy armor found in Cuirass Tomb, Dendra.

Chariot Warfare

Military strategy involving horse-drawn vehicles.

Heroic Warfare

Romanticized concept of battle in Mycenaean culture.

Amber

Fossilized tree resin, imported from Baltic Sea.

Combat Scene Ring

Gold ring depicting battle, found in graves.

Inlaid Dagger

Bronze dagger with gold and silver inlays.

Steely

Sandstone artifact, possibly a weapon or tool.

Rich Agricultural Society

Mycenaeans relied on agriculture for wealth.

Reused Graves

Graves that were repurposed over time.

Meriones

Character from the Iliad, associated with Odysseus.

Boar's Tusk Helmet

Helmet adorned with boar tusks, used in warfare.

Tomb of the Griffin Warrior

Pylos tomb containing 1400+ artifacts, c. 1450 BCE.

Griffin

Mythical creature symbolizing power in tombs.

Seal Stone

Agate stone used for stamping approval.

Minoan Influence

Cretan culture impacting local Pylos artifacts.

Linear B

Script used for Mycenaean administrative records.

Wanax

Title for ruler or king in Mycenaean society.

Lawagetas

Military leader in Mycenaean hierarchy.

Basileus

Minor administrative official, later means king.