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Lines of Latitude and Longitude
Lines on a map used to locate places on Earth; latitude runs east-west
Landform Regions
Large areas with specific physical features
Glaciation
The process where glaciers shape the land by moving and carving out valleys and other features.
Hydroelectricity
Electricity generated by the movement of water
Solar Energy
Energy harnessed from the sun’s rays to generate power.
Wind Energy
Electricity produced from the movement of air.
Nuclear Energy
Power generated by splitting atoms in a reactor.
Geothermal Energy
Energy from heat beneath the Earth’s surface.
Fossil Fuels
Non-renewable energy sources like coal
Bioenergy
Energy derived from biological sources
Natural Gas
A fossil fuel used for heating
Mineral Rocks
Rocks formed through the cooling of molten minerals
Sedimentary Rocks
Rocks formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks transformed by heat and pressure
Igneous Rocks
Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock
Exports and Imports
Goods or services sent to other countries (exports) or brought in from other countries (imports).
Settlement Patterns
The way people arrange themselves in an area
Plate Tectonics
The theory that Earth's crust is made of moving plates
Population Distribution
Describes where people live in a specific area
Environmental Possibilism
The idea that people can adjust and change their environment to suit their needs.
Factors that Affect Climate
Things like latitude
Dependency Load
The percentage of the population that relies on workers
Continental Drift Theory
The idea that continents were once joined and have drifted apart over time.
Continental Climates
Climates with large seasonal temperature differences due to inland location.
Maritime Climates
Climates with milder temperature variations influenced by proximity to water.
Population Pyramids
Visual representations of a population’s structure showing age and gender distribution.
Demographic Transition Model
A model of population change that describes transitions during industrialization.
Urban Land Use
Zones in cities for specific purposes
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Development
A model of economic growth describing stages from traditional to developed economies.
Assimilation
The process by which individuals or groups from one culture adopt the practices, beliefs, and values of another culture, often resulting in the loss of their original cultural identity. This process can occur voluntarily or as a result of social pressure, and is frequently seen in immigrant communities integrating into a new society.
DTM Stage 1: Pre-Transition
Birth rate and death rate are high, distincly shaped population pryamid
DTM Stage 2: Early Transition
Dramatic drop occurs in the death rate while birth rate remains high
DTM Stage 3: Late Transition
Birth rate begins closes in on death rate, birth rate declines
DTM Stage 4: Post-Transition
Poplation stabilizes, highly urbanized
The rock cycle
A sequence of events involving the
formation, alteration, destruction, and
reformation of rocks as a result of natural processes
3 Rock in the rock cycle
Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
Igneous Rock
Also called fire rock, any existing rock that is near enough heat ot make it melt. Extrusive: Forms at earths surface as lava cools Instrusive: forms deep underground where magma cools slowly
Sedimentary Rocks
Solid rock is broken up into many little pieces by the process of weathering (physical, biological or chemical). Rocks are weathered, eroded, transported, deposited, and lithified to form ________ rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Existing rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure. This usually takes place deep underground. When igneous or sedimentary rocks are exposed to tremendous pressure and heat, they change form into _______ rocks
City Models
Theoretical representations of urban structure that analyze the spatial arrangement of cities. These models, such as the Concentric Zone Model, Sector Model, and Multiple Nuclei Model, illustrate how different socioeconomic factors, transportation routes, and land use influence the organization of urban areas.
Non-Renewable Resources
Resources that are finite and cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Common examples include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
Renewable Resources
Resources that can be replenished naturally over short periods. Common examples include solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy
Basic Jobs
Jobs that bring external revenue to a community, supporting economic growth. Common examples include manufacturing jobs, export-oriented industries, and agricultural products that are sold outside the local market.
Non-Basic Jobs
Jobs that serve the local community and do not bring in revenue from outside. Common examples include retail jobs, local service providers like hairdressers or cafes, and government jobs that fund services within the community.
LDCs (Less Developed Countries)
Countries with low industrialization, poor infrastructure, and low GDP per capita. Examples include Haiti and Afghanistan.
MDCs (More Developed Countries)
Countries that have high levels of industrialization, advanced technology, and higher GDP per capita. Examples include Canada and Germany.
Primary Industry
Extracts raw materials from nature, e.g., agriculture and mining.
Secondary Industry
Manufactures and processes raw materials into finished goods, e.g., factories.
Tertiary Industry
Provides services to consumers and businesses, e.g., retail and healthcare.
Quaternary Industry
Involves knowledge-based services, e.g., research and technology.
