AP GEO GRADE 9 EXAM ONTARIO, CANADA

Lines of Latitude and Longitude

Lines on a map used to locate places on Earth; latitude runs east-west

Landform Regions

Large areas with specific physical features

Glaciation

The process where glaciers shape the land by moving and carving out valleys and other features.

Hydroelectricity

Electricity generated by the movement of water

Solar Energy

Energy harnessed from the sun’s rays to generate power.

Wind Energy

Electricity produced from the movement of air.

Nuclear Energy

Power generated by splitting atoms in a reactor.

Geothermal Energy

Energy from heat beneath the Earth’s surface.

Fossil Fuels

Non-renewable energy sources like coal

Bioenergy

Energy derived from biological sources

Natural Gas

A fossil fuel used for heating

Mineral Rocks

Rocks formed through the cooling of molten minerals

Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface

Metamorphic Rocks

Rocks transformed by heat and pressure

Igneous Rocks

Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock

Exports and Imports

Goods or services sent to other countries (exports) or brought in from other countries (imports).

Settlement Patterns

The way people arrange themselves in an area

Plate Tectonics

The theory that Earth's crust is made of moving plates

Population Distribution

Describes where people live in a specific area

Environmental Possibilism

The idea that people can adjust and change their environment to suit their needs.

Factors that Affect Climate

Things like latitude

Dependency Load

The percentage of the population that relies on workers

Continental Drift Theory

The idea that continents were once joined and have drifted apart over time.

Continental Climates

Climates with large seasonal temperature differences due to inland location.

Maritime Climates

Climates with milder temperature variations influenced by proximity to water.

Population Pyramids

Visual representations of a population’s structure showing age and gender distribution.

Demographic Transition Model

A model of population change that describes transitions during industrialization.

Urban Land Use

Zones in cities for specific purposes

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Development

A model of economic growth describing stages from traditional to developed economies.

Assimilation

The process by which individuals or groups from one culture adopt the practices, beliefs, and values of another culture, often resulting in the loss of their original cultural identity. This process can occur voluntarily or as a result of social pressure, and is frequently seen in immigrant communities integrating into a new society.

DTM Stage 1: Pre-Transition

Birth rate and death rate are high, distincly shaped population pryamid

DTM Stage 2: Early Transition

Dramatic drop occurs in the death rate while birth rate remains high

DTM Stage 3: Late Transition

Birth rate begins closes in on death rate, birth rate declines

DTM Stage 4: Post-Transition

Poplation stabilizes, highly urbanized

The rock cycle

A sequence of events involving the

formation, alteration, destruction, and

reformation of rocks as a result of natural processes

3 Rock in the rock cycle

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

Igneous Rock

Also called fire rock, any existing rock that is near enough heat ot make it melt. Extrusive: Forms at earths surface as lava cools Instrusive: forms deep underground where magma cools slowly

Sedimentary Rocks

Solid rock is broken up into many little pieces by the process of weathering (physical, biological or chemical). Rocks are weathered, eroded, transported, deposited, and lithified to form ________ rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Existing rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure. This usually takes place deep underground. When igneous or sedimentary rocks are exposed to tremendous pressure and heat, they change form into _______ rocks

City Models

Theoretical representations of urban structure that analyze the spatial arrangement of cities. These models, such as the Concentric Zone Model, Sector Model, and Multiple Nuclei Model, illustrate how different socioeconomic factors, transportation routes, and land use influence the organization of urban areas.

Non-Renewable Resources

Resources that are finite and cannot be replenished on a human timescale. Common examples include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.

Renewable Resources

Resources that can be replenished naturally over short periods. Common examples include solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal energy

Basic Jobs

Jobs that bring external revenue to a community, supporting economic growth. Common examples include manufacturing jobs, export-oriented industries, and agricultural products that are sold outside the local market.

Non-Basic Jobs

Jobs that serve the local community and do not bring in revenue from outside. Common examples include retail jobs, local service providers like hairdressers or cafes, and government jobs that fund services within the community.

LDCs (Less Developed Countries)

Countries with low industrialization, poor infrastructure, and low GDP per capita. Examples include Haiti and Afghanistan.

MDCs (More Developed Countries)

Countries that have high levels of industrialization, advanced technology, and higher GDP per capita. Examples include Canada and Germany.

Primary Industry

Extracts raw materials from nature, e.g., agriculture and mining.

Secondary Industry

Manufactures and processes raw materials into finished goods, e.g., factories.

Tertiary Industry

Provides services to consumers and businesses, e.g., retail and healthcare.

Quaternary Industry

Involves knowledge-based services, e.g., research and technology.