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Reinforcers
Events that increase behavior probability when followed.
Positive Reinforcer
Stimulus that increases behavior by providing reward.
Negative Reinforcer
Stimulus that increases behavior by removing aversive condition.
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing behavior every time it occurs.
Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcing behavior less frequently after establishment.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Patterns determining reinforcement frequency and timing.
Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement based on number of responses.
Interval Schedule
Reinforcement based on time elapsed.
Fixed Schedule
Reinforcement occurs at set intervals or ratios.
Variable Schedule
Reinforcement occurs at unpredictable intervals or ratios.
Shaping
Gradual learning through successive approximations of behavior.
Generalization
Displaying learned behaviors in different environments.
Maintenance
Consistent performance of desired actions independently.
Self-Monitoring
Clients modify behaviors through self-observation and recording.
Self-Observation
Noticing particular behaviors one engages in.
Self-Recording
Documenting observed behaviors for analysis.
Extinction
Elimination of behavior due to lack of reinforcement.
Punishment
Introducing aversive stimulus to suppress behavior.
Behavioral Rehearsal
Practicing desired behavior until mastery is achieved.
Environmental Planning
Setting up environment to promote or limit behaviors.
Systematic Desensitization
Gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking situations with relaxation.
Anxiety Hierarchy
Ranking anxiety-inducing situations from least to most distressing.
Assertiveness Training
Teaching appropriate self-expression without anxiety.
Counterconditioning
Replacing anxiety responses with assertive behaviors.
Contingency Contracts
Agreements outlining behaviors, rewards, and conditions.
Implosion Therapy
Imagining anxiety-provoking situations without prior relaxation.
Flooding
Immediate exposure to anxiety-provoking scenes without dire consequences.
Time-Out
Temporary separation from positive reinforcement opportunities.
Overcorrection
Restoring environment and improving it beyond original state.
Covert Sensitization
Associating undesired behavior with unpleasant imagery.
