Anatomy & Physiology 1

Anatomy

Study of structure and shape of body

Physiology

Study of how those body parts function

Levels of organization

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

maintaining boundaries

Separating between internal and external environments

Movement

Muscular system allows movement

Responsviness

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Digestion

Breakdown of ingested foods

Metabolism

All chemical reaction that occur in body cells

Excretion

removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

Reproduction

At the cellular level reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair

Growth

increase in size of a body part

Dorsal cavity

Back of the body (brain and spinal )

Ventral cavity

Front of body (lungs,liver,stomach)

Normal body temp

98.5-6F (37 C)

Homeostasis

Being stable in internal environment despite external changes

sagittal plane

left and right

Frontal

Front and back

Transverse

Upper and lower

Negative feedback

Response reduces stimulus (body temp regulation)

Positive feedback

response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus (labor contractions by oxytocin) & (blood clotting)

Anatomical term

Body erect feet slightly apart palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

Axial

Head neck trunk

Appendicular

Limbs (legs and arms)

homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

Macromolecules

A collection of atoms bonded together

organic molecules

contain carbon (carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,nucleic acids)

inorganic compounds

Don't contain carbon (water)

high heat capacity of water

takes a lot of energy to change its temp

high heat of vaporization

requires a large amount of energy to convert from liquid to gas

Solvent properties of water

universal solvent

Reactivity

Hydrolysis (breaking water)

Surface tension

Cushioning and buffering internal body cavities

Carbohydrates (organic compounds)

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

function: quick,rapid energy,production

monomer:monosaccharides (glucose) (can be quickly converted to ATP the most usable form of energy for cells

Glycogen (polysaccharide)

Only semi storable carbohydrate that can be converted to energy (hours days depend on activity level) (liver and skeletal muscles)

Lipids

monomer: fatty acid

function: depend on the type (3)

not soluble in water

Phospholipid

Primary component of the cell membrane (makes most of the cell membrane)

Triglycerides

main form of stored energy

unsaturated fats

"Good" liquid at room temp (salmon, oils ) has double bonds

Saturated fats

"Bad" solid at room temp (steak,butter)

Sterols (steroids)

Molecules that are made from cholesterol every cell uses cholesterol to help

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

"Bad" delivering to cells

HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

"Good" delivering to the liver to be recycled (bile)

Nuclecic acids

Storing information

Monomer: nucleotide nitrogen base (A,T,C,G

Prostate,sugar

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Chemical energy release when glucose is broke down

energy currency of the cell

Where is energy stored?

high energy phosphate bonds of ATP

when does cell release energy

during cellular respiration

why is the third phosphate bond important

its removal releases energy and is broken through hydrolysis

Cardiovascular

Blood vessels,heart,blood

Lymphatic

Spleen,lymph nodes,bone marrow

Respiratory

Lungs,trachea,nasal cavity

Digestive system

Small intestine,large intestine, stomach, liver

Chemical level

Among molecules,such as water DNA proteins

Cellular level

Smallest unit of living things

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells of common functions

Integumentary

Skin,hair,nails

Skeletal

Bones,cartilage

biological organization

Cellular,tissue,organ,organ system

What is the outer boundary of all living cells

The plasma membrane

Anterior (toes are … to foot)

Front of body

Posterior (popliteus is … to patella)

Back of the body

Inferior (pelvis … to abdomen )

Below than another part of the body

Lateral (thumb (pollex) .. to digits (fingers) )

Side of body

Promxial (Limb is near brachium… to antebrachium

close to the body’s

Supine

Lying flat

Superficial (skin is … to muscles)

On or near the body’s surface

Distal (hand is … to the shoulders )

Farther from trunk of the body

Superior (the noise is … mouth)

Above another body part

Medial (hallux is … to toe)

Middle direction to body

What are the three main components of a homeostatic control mechanism?

Receptors (detects the change (stimulus)

Control center (process the info and decides what to do)

Effector ( carries out the response to restore balance)

Diaphragm

Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

What is main function of lipids

Long term storage