University of Iowa: Fundamentals of Human Physiology, Final Exam | Quizlet

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/99

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

100 Terms

1
New cards

In the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the ________.

Corpus luteum

2
New cards

Pyloric Sphincter

- Controls the release of chyme into the small intestine

- At bottom of stomach right before small intestine

3
New cards

Nephron

- Functional unit of the kidney

- Smallest unit that can perform all kidney functions

- 1 million in each kidney

- Each nephron has two components (secretion and absorption): the vascular and tubular

4
New cards

Vascular component

Delivering blood that needs to be filtered

5
New cards

Tubular component

water and sodium moving in and out

6
New cards

Kidney overview

- Regulate H20 balance

- Regulate electrolyte balance

- Help maintain proper acid base

- Eliminating the waste of bodily metabolism

- Excreting foreign compounds

- Gluconeogensis

7
New cards

Kidneys function

Excretion, secretion and filtration

8
New cards

Renal Corpuscle

Initial filtering component in kidney; Forms filtrate

9
New cards

Filtrate

Formed in the renal corpuscle; Similar to plasma except protein-free

10
New cards

Parts of the kidney

Outer: Renal medulla: Cone shaped masses of tissue that secrete urine into tiny sac like tubules

Inner: Renal Pelvis: Funnel shaped tube surrounded by smooth muscle that uses peristalsis to move urine out of the kidney and into the ureter and bladder

11
New cards

Tubule

Extends from corpuscle; Can add and remove filtrate

12
New cards

Parts of the Renal Corpuscle

-Afferent arteriole

-Glomerulus

-Efferent arteriole

-Bowman's capsule

13
New cards

Glomerulus

Capillary bed in the renal corpuscle that filters blood

14
New cards

Components of renal Tubule

A continuous tube

-Proximal tubule

-Loop of Henle

-Distal tubule

-Collecting duct or tubule

15
New cards

Renal Process

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular reabsorption

3. Tubular secretion

4.Excretion

16
New cards

Glomerular filtration

Formation of plasma filtrate during the renal process

17
New cards

Tubular reabsorption

Transport out of the tubular lumen during the renal process.

1. Diffusion: Substances move passively due to concentration gradients.

2. Mediated Transport: Active transport processes, often coupled with sodium (Na+) reabsorption, help reabsorb glucose and amino acids using Na+-dependent secondary active transport.

However, this process is limited by transporter saturation (Tm), meaning if too much of a substance (e.g., glucose) is present, not all can be reabsorbed.

18
New cards

Tubular secretion

Process:

- Diffusion: down concentration gradient

- Transcellular transport

Kidney tubules can selectively add some substances to the substances already filtered

19
New cards

Most important substances secreted by the tubules

1. H+ (Hydrogen Ions):

• Helps keep the body’s acid levels (pH) balanced.

2. K+ (Potassium):

• Keeps potassium levels low in the blood.

• Too much potassium messes up cells and nerves, which can be dangerous.

3. Organic Ions:

• Gets rid of weird stuff in your body, like antibiotics or other foreign chemicals.

The tubules are like the body’s cleanup crew, making sure acid, potassium, and foreign junk stay balanced and don’t cause problems.

20
New cards

Amount Excreted

= Amount filtered + Amount secreted - Amount reabsorbable

21
New cards

Glomerular layers

-Glomerular capillary endothelium

-Basement membrane

-Podocytes

22
New cards

Podocytes

-Encircle the glomerulus

-Slit diaphragm between foot processes

23
New cards

Glomerular filtration forces

- Capillary hydrostatic pressure

- Hydrostatic pressure in bowman's space

- Osmotic force of protein capillary

-Osmotic force of Bowman's space

24
New cards

GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)

Volume of fluid filtered from glomeruli into Bowman's space/unit of time; Regulated by SNS

25
New cards

Transepithelial

Tubular Reabsorption involves __________ transport.

26
New cards

Mediated Transport

Transport Coupled with Na+ reabsorption (Across not between)

27
New cards

Renal Clearance

When the kidneys remove excess ions and wastes from blood, thus the blood is "cleared" of a substance

28
New cards

Water intake

-Food

-Liquids

-Metabolism

29
New cards

Water output

-Sweat

-Urine

-Feces

-Insensible loss

30
New cards

Renal clearance

Kidneys remove excess ions and wastes from blood, thus the blood is "cleared" of a substance; how much we are taking from blood and how much is excreted out of the body

31
New cards

Total body balance of water

Water intake= food, liquids and metabolism

water output: Sweat, urine, when you breath

THE MAJOR HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL POINT FOR MAINTAINING BALANCE+ URINE LOSS

32
New cards

Na+ excretion

= Na+ filtered - Na+ reabsorbed

33
New cards

Baroreceptors

Sense Na+ in the blood based on blood volume

34
New cards

Sodium Regulation by baroreceptors

-Low Na levels due to diarrhea

-Low plasma volume

-Low BP

-Decrease firing of baroreceptors

-Increase activity of SNS

-Initiate changes in renal arterioles

-Lower GFR

-Decrease Na excreted

35
New cards

Arteriolar vasoconstriction

Decreases the GFR

36
New cards

RAAS

-Stimulates Na+ reabsorption

-Stimulates K+ secretion

-Acts on collecting duct

-Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) controls aldosterone secretion

37
New cards

RAAS sequence

1. Trigger:

• A drop in blood pressure or fluid volume signals the body to activate the RAS.

2. Renin Release:

• The kidney releases renin into the bloodstream.

3. Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I:

• Renin converts a protein called angiotensinogen (produced by the liver) into angiotensin I.

4. ACE Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II:

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), released from the lungs, converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

5. Actions of Angiotensin II:

• Vasoconstriction: Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to narrow, increasing blood pressure.

• Adrenal Gland Activation: Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal gland to release aldosterone.

6. Aldosterone’s Effect on the Kidneys:

• Aldosterone acts on the kidneys, promoting the reabsorption of salt (NaCl) and water (H₂O). This increases blood volume and pressure.

38
New cards

Renin

Released by Juxtaglomerular Cells; Controlled by SNS, Intrarenal baroreceptors, Na+ in filtrate

39
New cards

Osmoreceptors

Found in the hypothalamus; Sensitive to osmolarity; Increase in firing causes increased ADH

40
New cards

Descending limb

The limb of the loop henle that carries fluid from the cortex towards the medulla of the kidney and it gets saltier as water is being sucked out into the medulla becasue it is very salty

41
New cards

ADH

Acts to insert aquaporins into distal collecting duct

42
New cards

Ascending limb

The proximal tubule is only permeable to sodium so it can flow out and become less salty

43
New cards

Dehydration

Causes the secretion of ADH

44
New cards

acid-base balance

- Kidneys maintain blood pH by reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting H+.

-Proximal tubule uses NA+/H+ pumps to exchange Na+ out and H+ in.

45
New cards

Micturition

- Urine stored in body is eliminated by micturtion.

- Urine in bladder stimulates stretch receptors

46
New cards

Micturition reflex

A bladder-to-bladder contraction reflex for which the reflex center is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum; When the bladder stretches due to too much bladder

47
New cards

GI Tract anatomy

Composed of:

-Mucosa

-Submucosa

-Muscularis Externa

-Adventia

48
New cards

Digestive tract consists of ?

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, small intestine (duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum), Large intestine (colon), Anus

49
New cards

Esophagus

- Two esophageal sphincter

Importance

- Stomach is very acidic don't want substance moving backwards into the sensitive tissue

-Gastric reflux is due to sphincter relaxed and not closing off like it should which allows stomach content into esophagus

-peristaltic waves push food through esophagus

50
New cards

Accessory digestive organs

- Salivary glands

- Exocrine pancreas

-Biliary system: (Liver, Gallbladder)

51
New cards

Tongue

- Movements aid in chewing and swallowing

- Plays important tole in speech

- taste buds

52
New cards

four functions of digestive system

- Motility (movement)

- Secretion (release into lumen)

- Digestion (breakdown)

- Absorption (absorption broken down molecules)

53
New cards

3-5 days

Lifespan of GI tract cell lining

54
New cards

Salivary Amylase

Begins digestion of carbohydrates within the mouth

55
New cards

Bolus

A Moistened bulk of food that is formed in the mouth in preparation for travel through the esophagus

56
New cards

gastric emptying

- Amount of chyme in stomach is main factor that influences strength of contraction

-Bolus when enters esophagus, chyme when it enters stomach

57
New cards

Saliva

-Mucus provides lubrication

-Salivary amylase begins digestion of carbs

-Antibacterial

-Solvent for molecules that stimulate taste buds

-Helps keep mouth and teeth clean

58
New cards

Swallowing

Initiated when a bolus is forced in the rear of the mouth

59
New cards

Sphincters

Prevent back flow in the GI tract

60
New cards

Peristaltic

Type of waves that push food through the esophagus

61
New cards

Stomach secretions

-HCl

-Mucus

-Pepsin

-Gastrin

-Histamine

62
New cards

HCl

-Released by parietal cells

-Breaks down proteins such as pepsin

63
New cards

Pepsin

-Released by chief cells

-Secreted as pepsinogen before being cleaved by HCl

64
New cards

Gastrin

Hormone that effects gastric motility

65
New cards

Histamine

Released by Enterochromaffin-like Cells

66
New cards

Amount of chyme

The main factor that influences the strength of contraction in the stomach

67
New cards

Fat

Too much ____ in Duodenum delays gastric emptying

68
New cards

Acid

____ in duodenum inhibits emptying of acidic gastric contents until neutralization can be accomplished

69
New cards

Hypertonicity

Gastric emptying is inhibited when osmolarity of duodenal contest starts to rise

70
New cards

Distention

When too much chyme is in the duodenum which inhibits emptying of even more gastric contents

-small intestine inhibits gastric emptying

71
New cards

Small intestine

Where most digestion and absorption is performed; Made of:

-Duodenum

-Jejunum

-Ileum

72
New cards

Mixing in the stomach

Peristalsis

73
New cards

Maximize absorption

-Folds of intestine

-Villi

-Microvilli

74
New cards

Brush border enzymes — Microvilli

- Enzymes within cellular lining that contribute to breakdown of things.

- Enzymes embedded within Microvilli and can break molecule down further so you can absorb it

75
New cards

Pancreatic enzymes

-Lipase

-Amylase

-Protease

76
New cards

Brush-border enzymes

Complete digestion of carbohydrates and proteins:

-Peptidase

-Disaccharidases

77
New cards

Peptidases

Enzymes that break down peptides

78
New cards

Disaccharidases

Enzymes that break down sugars

79
New cards

Intestinal Stem cells

Create new epithelial cells in the intestines every couple of days

80
New cards

Large Intestine

Consists of:

-Colon

-Cecum

-Appendix

-Rectum

81
New cards

Movement through GI tract

- Substances do not move uniformly

- Materials do not leave in the same order they arrive.

- Total emptying of stomach = 4-5 hrs

- transit through colon= 30-40

82
New cards

Large intestine functions

- Does not have brush border Microvilli, doesn't not absorb nutrients

- Absorption of water

-Electrolyte absorption

- Formation and storage of fecal material

83
New cards

Sodium

Main electrolyte absorbed by the large intestine; Pulls water with it in order to solidify fecal matter

84
New cards

Microflora

The large intestine possess _________, a bacteria.

85
New cards

Liver

The largest metabolic organ; The first organ to receive absorbed nutrients from hepatic portal vein.

- Hepatic vein— drains the liver and goes back to heart

- Hepatic Artery — need to supply liver oxygen, heart to liver.

Removes bilirubin- byproduct of bile

- Jungus = yellowing of skin

86
New cards

Bile

- Made by liver

- stored and concentrated in gallbladder

-After meal, bile enters duodenum

87
New cards

Bile salts

- Made from cholesterol

- Fat emulsifier

- After participation in fat digestion and absorption, most are reabsorbed into the blood

88
New cards

Liver functions

-Detox

-Produce plasma proteins

-Removes bilirubin

-Stores nutrients

-Manifactures bile

89
New cards

Bilirubin

Pigment from dead RBCs that is removed by the liver.

90
New cards

Hepatocytes

Cells in the liver that make up the liver

91
New cards

Liver sinusoids

Specialized capillaries that found in the liver

92
New cards

Kupffer cells

Macrophages that "Hang out" in the liver; Protect against foreign cells

93
New cards

Bile

-Stored in gallbladder

-After meal, enters duodenum

-Made from cholesterol

-Fat emulsifier

94
New cards

SNS

Inhibits digestive motility and secretions

95
New cards

PNS

Habits digestive motility and secretions

96
New cards

Secretions

___________ are regulated by luminal stimuli.

97
New cards

Luminal stimuli

Receptors in the GI tract that regulate secretions

1) Mechanoreceptors= dissension of wall

2) osmoreceptors= osmolarity of chyme

3) Chemoreceptors= acidity of chyme

4) chyme concentration of digestive products: ( Monosaccharides, fatty acids, peptides

98
New cards

Types of reflexes

Short= intrinsic nerve plexuses

- Stimulus with lumen

- local, stimulating a stretch or chemical change, stimulates the effector (smooth muscle), gland will secrete a digestive hormone, contraction

Long= Same path but goes all the way to the brain, smells and bites prepare your body with contractions;

- Site of food, taste of food stimulates long reflex

- Brain stimulates pancreas, gallbladder (other accessory organs) contribute to digestion

99
New cards

Mechanoreceptors

Sense dissension of the GI tract

100
New cards

Osmoreceptors (GI tract)

Sense osmolarity of chyme in the GI tract