hde 100b final

Differential Susceptibility

Hypothesis that individuals vary in how sesnitive they are to environmental experiences (both positive and negative) based on biological or genetic predispositions

Orchid

Sensitive ppl

Dandelion

Resilient people

Bronfenbenner’s ecological-systems approach

A framework that models human development as a set of systems that influence/are influenced by the individual

Microsystem

Immediate, face-to face environments (family, school, peer group)

Mesosystem

Linkages and interactions occurring between two or more of the child’s microsystems (e.g., direct interactions between a child’s parent and their school teachers).

Exosystem

Settings that affect the child indirectly but do not physically contain the child (e.g., a parent’s workplace, community health systems).

Macrosystem

Overarching cultural values, socio-economic sub-systems, laws, and ideologies

Chronosystem

The temporal dimension (historical changes, life transitions)

Plasticity

Concept that human traits and behaviors are durable yet changeable; development is fluid and adaptable

Dynamic-systems approach

An approach that views human development as an ongoing, ever-changing, and reciprocal interaction between physical, cognitive, and social systems.

• development is never fixed but is continually affecting and being affected by these different systems

Difference-equals-deficit error

The mistaken human tendency to conclude that a behavior, trait, or cultural practice that differ from the norm is inherently inferior, pathological, or deficient

Piaget’s cognitive development main idea

Children are independent scientists exploring the physical world.

• development progresses through discontinuous, invariant stages driven by schemas, assimilation, accommodation, and structural equilibrium

Piaget’s cognitive development major criticisms

Underestimates the capabilities of infants; overestimates the universality of formal operations, no talk about social interaction and cultural variation

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Development is a social process driven by interpersonal collaboration.

• children learn best when guided by a mentor who provides scaffolding tailored within the Zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory criticism

Can over-rely on verbal instruction

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Focuses on observational learning (modeling). Proposes that individuals can acquire novel behaviors without expeirencing direct personal reinforcment

Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

Theory of human motivation posutlating that three basic psychological needs that must be met to make intrisntic motivation

1. Autonomy: feeling in control of choices

2. Competence: Feeling effective/skilled

3. Relatedness: feeling valued/ connected

Evolutionary Theory

Human developmental behaviors and psychological mechanisms are understood as strategies to maximize survival and reproductive success

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

A learning process that modifies voluntary behavioral responses depending on whether the learner receives a positive response (reinforcement) or a negative response (punishment).

Working Memory

Holding and mentally manipulating information over brief delays

Inhibitory Control

Supressing automatic responses or distracting stimuli

Cognitive Flexibility (set Shifting)

Effortlessly switching mental strategies, rules, or attention parameters based on changing tasks (e.g., bilingual code-switching

Flynn Effect

The generational rise in average IQ scores over time due to testing familiarity and educational improvements

ADHD

A nuerodevelopmental condition characterized by :

• inappropriate patterns of inattention

• disorganization

• hyperactivity-impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Marked by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, alongside restricted , repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Specific learning disorders (SLDs)

Persistent difficulties learning key academic skill despite normal intelligence and standard instruction

Dyslexia

Severe difficulty with accurate/fluent word recognition, reading decoding, and spelling

Dyscalculia

Severe difficulty mastering number sense, calculations, math terms, and facts

Dysgraphia

Severe difficulty with written expression, fine-motor handwriting legibility (learning cursive), and spelling mechanics

Origins of neurodiversity

A paradigm that originated with the Autism Spectrum DIsorder community reframing atypical brain functions as normal variations in the human genome rather than moral or clinical pathologies

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Legally require public schools to evaluate, accomodate, and serve children with special needs

Multifinality

The principle that one single cause can manifest in multiple, vastly different final clinical endpoints or outcomes

Equifinality

The principle that multiple different causes or pathways can converge to produce the exact same final clinical diagnosis

Concrete Operational Thought (Piaget)

The stage matching middle childhood where children develop logical, systematic thinking about tangible, physical objects

Classification

The capacity to sort objects into hierarchies of nested categories

• Ex: understanding a chihuahua is a dog, and a dog is an animal

Seriation

The cognitive capacity to arrange items in a logical, quantitative sequence based on a measurable property, such as length or weight (e.g., placing sticks in order from shortest to longest).

Pragmatics

The practical, social rules governing how language is executed depending on the audience and setting

• middle childhood requires learning to shift styles (code-switching) between formal codes and informal codes

PISA (Programme for international student assessment)

A worldwide exam administered specifically to 15 year olds to mesaure real-world application of high school learning before education ends

Industry vs Inferiority

Middle childhood; children strive to build a sense of mastery and pride in their tasks and skills

• if parents take over tasks or criticize their efforts, it undermines their confidence, fostering a deep sense of inadequacy and inferiority

The doll test findings

Landmark 1940s experiment where young school-age children assigned negative adjectives to darker=skinned dolls, demonstrating that children are acutely aware of ambient racial prejudices and structural stereotypes early in development.

Bullying Prevention

Proved in class that omitting interactive role-playing activities leave programs less effective at preventing bystander effects

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

Egocentric, focused entirely on self-interest, maximizing physical rewards, and avoiding direct punishment

Conventional Moral reasoning

Centered on social rules, gaining approval from peers/family, and strictly maintaining institutional laws and social order

Postconvential moral reasoning

centered on abstract ethical prinicples, human rights, and social contracts that transcend specific legal bounderies A

Adrenarche

The initial biological awakening of the adrenal glands occurring around ages 6 to 8 in middle childhood, releasing adrenal androgens that promote synaptogenesis and early brain development

Gonadarche

True pubertal transition to adolesecense, marked by the activation of the gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) under the influence of the HPG axis, triggering primary and secondary sex characteristic production

Menarche

A female’s first menstrual period, signaling the onset of potential fertility

Physical Growth Sequence

Growth in adolescence proceeds asymmetric to childhood templates, following a distal-proximal sequence (extremities like hands and feet grow first, followed by long limbs, and finally the torso cor

Neurological Mismatch

Developmental features a temporal gap between subcorticla and cortical systems

• limbic system and its dopamine reward pathways develop rapidly in comparison to prefrontal cortex

Imaginary Audience

Belief that one is constantly on an intense public stage, being actively observed, judged, and critiqued by peers

• this drives hieghtened self consciousness

Personal fable

Belief that one’s internal thoughts, feelings, and life experiences are compeltely unique,magical, and special compared to everyone else

Formal operational thought

Emerges in adolescnec

• characterized by the capacity for hypothetical-deductive reasoning: the ability to generate systematic hypotheses and test them logically

Intuitive Thought

Fast, automattic processing driven by immediate emotion, personal assumption, or a gut hunch

Analytic Thought

Slow, deliberate processing driven by systematic logic, rational analyses

Entity Theory

Belief that inteligence is a fixed, unchangeable genetic trait

• fixed mindset

Incremental theory

The belief that intelligence can be expanded through hard work and strategic effort

• growth mindset

Eccles’ stage-environment fit

Postulates that middle schoolers frequently create developmental mismatches by placing adolescents in large, impersonal environments with strict tracking

School dropout trends

Educational tracking from 1995 to 2018 shows an overall decrease in high school dropout rates across all tracked racial and ethnic student groups

The age-crime curve

Illustrates a statistical distribution across Western nations showing that criminal offending and antisocial behaviors spike sharply during mid-to-late adolescnece and drop off in early adulthood

Racial salience

Extent to which an inidvidual’s race is a relevant part of their self-concept at a particular moment in time or within a unique situational context

Racial Centrality

How consistently and structurally a person defines their overall core self-concept by their race across all day-to-day contexts

Private regard

An individual’s personal, internal positive or negative evaluation of their own racial group

Public Regard

An individaul’s perception of how positively or negatively the broader surrounding society evaluates and treats their racial group

Peer selection

driven by homophily “Love of the same”, where adolescents actively choose friends who are already similar to them in traits and behaviors

Peer Facilitation

The active, structural reinforcement that a peer group provides, helping and enabling members to do things (constructive or destructive) they would be unlikely to execute along (e.g., training intensely for college sports together).

Adolescent-limited Offenders

individuals whose antisocial behaviors begin in adolescence, are heavily influenced by peer deviancy training, and act as an extreme form of normative adolescent rebellion

• doesn’t stem from neuropsychological deificits

Life-Course-Persistent Offenders

Individuals whose antisocial behaviors stem from childhood-rooted neuropsychological deficits