Ap psyc unit 5.5

Active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

anti-anxiety drugs

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety

Antidepressants

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of depression

Antipsychotic Medications

Prescription drugs that are used to reduce psychotic symptoms; frequently used in the treatment of schizophrenia; also called neuroleptics.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

behavior modification-shaping technique to mold a desired behavior/response. The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.

aversion therapy

A behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response.

Behavior therapy

a treatment process that focuses on changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and reinforcements

Biofeedback

the use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

Constructive restructuring

for trauma, uses cognitive behavioral therapy techniques to replace destructive or harmful thinking patterns associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with constructive ones.

cognitive therapies

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Cognitive triad

negative thoughts about self, situation, and the future

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking

code of ethics

a formal statement of ethical principles and rules of conduct

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

dialectal behavior therapy

Promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior.

Dream interpretation

a technique used in psychoanalysis in which the content of dreams is analyzed for disguised or symbolic wishes, meanings, and motivations

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Exposure therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid

fear survey schedule

a self-report technique in which individuals indicate from many different alternatives those objects or situations eliciting fear in them

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

integrity

(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness

Lesioning

removal or destruction of part of the brain

Lithium used to treat

acute phase mania, and maintenance in bipolar I disorder

Lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

Nonmaleficence

duty to do no harm

person-centered therapy

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility. Centering on the client's goals and ways of solving problems

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Mindfulness

The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.

Practice Guidelines

systematically developed statements to assist healthcare providers with making appropriate decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Response heirarchy

-with regards to responses within a response class refers to order/likelihood of the response forms in the class based on response properties (effort) or probability of reinforcement in a given situation

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Counselors

Help people manage mental and emotional distress.

clinical or psychiatric social workers

use knowledge of community agencies and organizations to help people with severe mental disorders receive the services they need

clinical psychologist

a psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances

Psychiatrist

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders