Module 4: CYCLES AND PATTERNS

Biosphere

the global ecosystem

Cycles
patterns

______ and _______ govern living systems.

Citric acid cycle
Calvin cycle
water cycle
community successions

listing of cycles- the ___________, the ________, ________, reproductive cycles, population, and ________________

Cycles

_______ in living systems result in patterns that could be cyclical in nature.

Reproduction

________ requires the proper development of sex cells.

reproduction

The development and growth of organisms lead to _______ to perpetuate the species

development
reproduction

The development and growth of organisms lead to reproduction to perpetuate the species. In many ways, _______ and ________ like cycles and patterns are intertwined.

Genes

______ are passed on to offspring in various Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns

extinction

Conscious or subconscious, the innate goal of a living system is to avoid _____. It is ok to find a mate and produce babies

cell

____ is the basic unit of life.

cell

It is the smallest structure that exhibits almost all known properties/attributes of "being alive."

Mitosis
Meiosis

Reproduction and developmental processes depend on ______ and _______. This concept is one of the postulates of the Cell Theory, i.e., "Cells arise from the division of other pre-existing cells."

reproductive cycles

In eukaryotic organisms, there are three major _____________: haplontic, diplontic, and diplohaplontic cycles.

haplontic
diplontic
diplohaplontic

In eukaryotic organisms, there are three major reproductive cycles: ________, _______, and _________ cycles.

alternation of generations

The ________________ is the same as a diplohaplontic life cycle.

haplontic life cycle

In the _____________, the zygote is the only diploid cell that undergoes meiosis.

zygote

In the haplontic life cycle, the ______ is the only diploid cell that undergoes meiosis.

In Haplontic Life Cycle

The resulting haploid cells are called ______. They can grow and are considered fully functional organisms.

Haplontic Life Cycle

example is in the life cycle of Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga

zygotic meiosis

Division takes place in zygote and the resulting organisms have haplontic life cycle

Haplontic Life Cycle

Individual gametes are released and fuse with another gamete to form a zygote. (type of life cycle)

alternation of generations

The diplohaplontic life cycle is also referred to as the ________________

Diplohaplontic life cycle

organisms exhibiting this life cycle, both sporophyte and gametophyte are multicellular and fully functioning individuals.

sporophyte
gametophyte
macroscopic
microscopic

In Diplohaplontic life cycle,

both __________ and ______________are multicellular and fully functioning individuals. They can both be ________ or _______ and may be equally predominant forms of the organism

Diplohaplontic life cycle

This kind of life cycle occurs in algae, protists, fungi, and primitive plants.

algae
protists
fungi
primitive plants

In Diplohaplontic life cycle,

This kind of life cycle occurs in ______, ______, ______, and ____________

sporophyte
gametophyte

In Diplohaplontic life cycle,

The _________ is in the diploid condition while the _______ is in the haploid state, i.e., all cells have a haploid chromosome number.

meiosis

________ produces gametes.

gametophyte
Mitosis
gametes

In Diplohaplontic life cycle, (process)

1) the ___________ releases tiny individual cells by ______, and since they are already haploid, they act as _______.

zygote
fertilized egg
sporophyte

In Diplohaplontic life cycle, (process)

2) A gamete from one individual fuses with another one from a ______. The ______ divides by mitosis and eventually becomes the ________.

meiosis
haploid
spores
gametophyte

In Diplohaplontic life cycle, (process)

3) From the body of the sporophyte, specific tissues undergo ________ which produces ______ gametes. The resulting cells are called ______. A spore divides into many cells and produces the ________.

diplohaplontic

The life cycle of the fern exhibits the _________ type of life cycle

diplontic life cycle

In the __________, the organism is in the diploid condition, i.e., each body or somatic cell has a diploid chromosome number.

Humans

____________ have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=46. One half came from the mother in the 23 pairs of chromosomes, and the other half was the father

gametes

You and I are in the diplontic life cycle. The only haploid cells are the _______. A ________* can unite with another one and form a diploid zygote.

Mitosis
diplontic life cycle

This zygote grows by _________ to create a fully functional multicellular organism. Majority of plants and animals around us follow the ___________________.

gametic meiosis

At one point in the life cycle, meiosis occurs in particular tissues to produce haploid gametes, and the cycle goes on. This life cycle is also called ________________. This term implies that gametes are produced by meiosis

Angiosperms

Plants that bear flowers are ____________.

Angiosperms
Grasses
domesticated vegetables

They are the predominant plants we see around us. ______ like rice and ___________________ are also flowering plants

stamen
anther
filament

In flowers, the male part is the _______ which consists of the _______ and the __________.

pollen sacs
sperm nuclei
tube nucleus
microsporogenesis

In the anther, there are _________ that house pollen grains. One pollen grain contains ________ and a _________ which develop through __________.

carpel
stigma
style
ovary
female megagametophyte
Megasporogenesis

The female part of the flower is the ______ which consists of the ______, ____, and ______. The ovary contains the ovules, which have the ____________. _________________ produces eight nuclei: egg nucleus, fused polar nuclei, synergids, and antipodals

Cycles

________ in living systems are interspersed with patterns.

gamete

The ______ doubles in chromosome number and becomes the precursor for a new life

Animals
parthenogenesis
hermaphroditism
sex reversal

__________ exhibit more reproductive patterns, and these include _______, _____________, and ________.

parthenogenesis
haploid egg

In __________________, an unfertilized egg cell develops into a mature organism. Male bees develop from _____________ cells. In these organisms, egg cells may also be fertilized and develop into mature organisms.

male bees
Komodo dragon
Daphnia species

species that exhibit a parthenogenesis reproductive pattern

sexual reproduction

In Daphnia, __________________ occurs but parthenogenetic "sons" and "daughters" may also be produced.

hermaphroditism
self-fertilization

In ______________, an individual has functioning male and female reproductive systems. Sperms and eggs are produced in the same organism, but _____________ does not occur commonly

Mating
earthworm

In hermaphroditism,

_______ is required to fertilize both organisms. These organisms are in deep soil or mud or some parasites. In their environment, the opposite sex is difficult to find.

As a coping mechanism and for the population's survival, both male and female reproductive tissues are evolved, such as in an _________

hermaphrodite
one gonad

In hermaphroditism,

The _____________ receives functional sperm cells from a male. There could be slight modifications across the animal kingdom. In some cases, only _____ produces a functional gamete. In persons born with such conditions in humans, both reproductive tissues are nonfunctional.

sex reversal

In some organisms like fish and oysters, ___________ occurs throughout the lifetime

sex reversal

a pattern known as sequential hermaphroditism

Protandrous species
protogyny

______________ are born as males, but they become females. In _______, an individual is first a female, then becomes a male (sex reversal)

Sexual reproduction
variability
extinction

______________ is an innate characteristic of animals to pass on genes to the next generation, promote _______ and avoid ________

Reproductive patterns

_________________ are also common during courtship and mating behavior in animals.

Courtship
mating

_______ and _______ displays are essential to ensure the success of sexual reproduction, e.g., sperm and egg production can be triggered by sexual displays, rituals, and courtship behavior

sponges to mammals
differential gene expression
fruit fly
homeobox genes

Pattern formation in animal development.

Different animals have extensive variations as to their development. From ____________, variations in life cycles and developmental patterns are due primarily to the _________________ in specific cells and tissues. Studies in the ______ are being used to explain patterns of gene expression in animals. An example of such a pattern is in the expression of ________ in insects.

social insects
eusociality

animals like _______ behave more efficiently in gathering food than we humans. They assume roles and follow the rules. They cooperate for survival. The best example is the phenomenon of ______