Lab Practical 1

Explain what metric unit is used to measure volume, length, mass, and temperature.

• Volume is measured in liters

• Length is measured in meters

• Mass is measured in grams

• Temperature is measured in celsius

Know how to convert between metric units with the same base (move the decimal).

• Set up a fraction of the first number’s units (for example you have ? decameters and 450 millimeters — 450 x 10^1/10^-3) You move the denominator of the fraction up, changing it to be positive, and then you add them. 

• Set up your original number 450, then move the decimal point to the left 4 times. 

• 0.045 decameters

Know the metric prefixes, their abbreviations, and how much of the base unit they represent.

• Kilo: 10^3

• Hecto: 10^2

• Deca: 10^1

• Base: 10^0

• Deci: 10^-1

• Centi: 10^-2

• Milli: 10^-3

• Micro: 10^-6

• Nano: 10^-9

• Pico: 10^-12

Know how to appropriately measure length using rulers and meter sticks.

Rulers should be used for millimeters and centimeters, and meter sticks should be used for meters, or larger objects.

Know how to calculate the area of a 2-D object

• Rectangle: L x W

• Square: L^2

• Triangle: ½ (BxH)

• Parallelogram: BxH

Convert between mass and volume (1g=1ml=1cc) of water at standard conditions.

450g = 450ml

Know what the approximate mL equivalent is for a teaspoon, Tablespoon and cup.

• 236.6 ml = 1 cup

• 14.8ml = 1 tbsp

• 4.93ml = 1 tsp

Define meniscus.

The meniscus is the curve of a solution within upon a surface (like in a graduated cylinder) 

Identify all lab equipment used in Unit 1

• Graduated cylinder

• erlenmeyer flask

• beaker

• Digital balance

• Graduated pipette

• Weigh boat

• Stir plate

• Magnetic Stirrer

Understand if something should be measured in grams or kg. 

It depends on the size of the object being measured. If something feels lighter when you lift it, you should measure in grams. If you lift something heavier, it should be measured in kilograms.

Describe how to convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius and how to convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit.

• Converting to fahrenheit: Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32

• Converting to celsius: subtract 32, Multiply by 5, and divide by 9

Recognize what Celsius degrees correspond to body temperature, freezing water, boiling water and room temperature.  

• Body temperature: 37*C

• Freezing temperature: 0*C

• Boiling: 100*C

Understand in a graph what is found on the x and y axis.  

X axis is the independent variable, meaning it isn’t changed by the variables we’re trying to measure. (EX: Amount of water used in a plant); Y axis is the dependent variable, meaning it’s dependent on what you change during the experiment. (EX: the size of the plant that’s watered)

Write numbers in scientific notation.

45840 = 4.584 x 10^4

Take a number in scientific notation and write in expanded form.

3.764 x 10^-6 = 0.000003764

Know the steps of the scientific method.

Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis

Differentiate between hypothesis and “best guesses”. 

Hypotheses are based on observations and predictions, while best guesses are based on nothing but intuition.

Differentiate between independent, dependent, and control variables.

Independent: the variable that isn’t changed. Dependent: the variable that is measured and changed depending on the independent variable. Control: the variable that is kept the same throughout the experiment to be used as a basis for the independent/dependent variables.

Differentiate between experimental and control groups.

experimental group: the group that is exposed to the changes in the independent variable. The control group is not exposed to it.

Know the definitions of null hypothesis (H_o) and alternative hypothesis (H_a).

Null hypothesis: Determines that there is no correlation between two variables. ; Alternative hypothesis: a hypothesis that directly contradicts the null hypothesis

Evaluate p- values to determine if results are significant.

Probability value: how likely your data could have occurred in a null hypothesis. If the probability is low, then the results are insignificant.

Describe how water and hydrogen peroxide affect pinto seed germination.

The higher the water concentration, the higher the rate of pinto bean germination The seeds with Hydrogen Peroxide grow slower than the ones with just water.

Describe electromagnetic radiation

an electric and magnetic disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light

Understand the relationship between wavelength and energy

The longer the wavelength, the less the energy

Describe why a pencil looks yellow

A pencil looks yellow because the white light is hitting it and all of the colors are being absorbed, but the yellow light is being transmitted back out, which is what makes the pencil appear yellow

Identify components of a spectrophotometer. Know the function of each part.

Digital Display
Mode Button
Sample Holder
Wavelength Knob
0% T Knob
100% T Knob Know how to calibrate the spectrophotometer to 0% and 100% transmission

Correlate colors of visible spectrum with their corresponding wavelengths or range of
wavelengths.

Red= 620-750 nm
Orange= 590-620 nm
Yellow= 570-590 nm
Green= 500-570 nm
Blue= 450-500 nm
Violet= 380-450 nm

Describe the components of blank and sample tubes.

A blank tube is a tube that is used in the spectrophotometry experiments that cancels out any unwanted molecules from absorbing light.

color of anthocyanins

blue, red or purple

neutral pH of anthocyanins

purple

acids color anthocyanins

red

base anthocyanins color

green/blue

Given results from a stomach antacid experiment be able to identify which tablet is most effective at neutralizing stomach acid.

calcium carbonate

4 classes of macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

monosaccharides (1)

glucose, ribose, fructiose

disaccharides (2)

sucrose, lactose, maltose

polysaccharides (3+)

amylose, glycogen

monomers…

are the building blocks of polymers

sucrose =

glucose + fructose

lactose =

glucose + galactose

maltose =

glucose + glucose

Biuret

goes with protein. Positive = purple, negative = blue

Iodine

goes with starches, positive = black, negative = yellow

Sudan IV

goes with lipids, positive = red floats, negative = pink blended

Benedict’s

Goes with reducing sugars, positive = yellow/orange, blue/green

Lipids are…

hydrophobic

Difference between reducing sugars and other sugars

Reducing sugars have more hydrogen attached than other sugars

At room temperature…

saturated fats are solid due to their single bonds, and unsaturated fats are liquid due to their double bonds

Starch + Saliva

= maltose

Emulsifier

acts as a stabilizer and keeps liquids together

Sudan IV

is soluble at .7mg/ml

carbs monomer

monosaccharides

proteins monomer

amino acids

nucleic acids monomer

Nucleotides

Lipids monomer

fatty acids

Ocular lens

use for viewing.

Nosepiece

holds the objective lenses

Objective lens

they help with magnification to help see the specimen up close.

Microscope levels

4x,10x,40x, and 100x

Stage clips

keeps the slide in place on the stage

Stage

what you place the slide on.

Diaphragm

used to control how much light is allowed through

Illuminator

shines light through diaphragm to be able to see specimen

Arm

used to help carry the microscope

Course focus

Bring the specimen into approximate or near focus

Fine focus

sharpen the focus of the image.

Base

also used to help carry the microscope.

List the part(s) of the microscope that can be used to change the amount of light (contrast) of the specimen.

The diaphragm and the illuminator.

Know the magnification of each objective, and their names.

4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

Calculate overall magnification

4x=400x,10x=1000,40x=4000x,100x=10000x

Describe the relationship between magnification and field of view.

The higher you go with the magnification the lower your field of view gets

Describe the relationship between magnification and depth of focus.

The higher the magnification the lower depth of focus is.

Understand orientation of slides under the microscope.

Slide orientation is important when looking with a microscope because depending on what your slide orientation is what you see.

Draw what the letters FGZ look like when viewed in the microscope.

upside down

Differentiate between resolving power and contrast.

Resolving is what you can see and the clarity of what you can see.

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 

Prokaryotic cells don’t have nucleus, but nucleoid. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells don’t have membrane bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells does.

List similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

They both used and have ribosomes. They both have plasma membranes. And they both have cytoplasm

Know which of the three Domains include prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes belongs to domains Bacteria and archaea.