Main ideas of philosophers

Plato

epistocracy- Philosopher, kings, allegory of the cave, 4 Cardinal virtues

Socrates

Socratic method – Enemies with sophists, I know that I do not know

Aristotle

Virtue ethics - 4 cardinal virtues (Plato ) Eudaemonia, Golden mean,Prothesis/Prudence = practical wisdom , polis

Machiavelli

Dirty hands, appearance vs reality, Evil is more important in politics, to be a good leader you have to be evil

Hobbes

Materialism, emotivism, individualism, nominalism, state/civil society, state of nature - Social contract – civil Society. Sovereign = office & impersonal rule & source of law

Kant

Categorical and hypothetical imperative, only Goodwill is inherently, good, autonomy, versus heteronomy, incentives & motives vs consequences & outcomes

Perpetual peace, Kingdom of ends

Bentham

Hedonic calculus (Happy - Unhappy)principle of utility, pleasure = happiness, pain = unhappiness, consequentialist theorist

J.S. Mill

Higher and lower pleasures, higher pleasures, only come from virtuous acts

Hegel

Communitarianism, moralität , Sittlichkeit – Family, civil Society, and state, humans are social animals, central value of belonging

Karl Marx

Surplus value = source of capitalist, Exploitation, capitalist revolution = classless society workers alienated from products & become appendage of the machine. believed that work can be fashioned differently