Characteristics of urban places, including site
Characteristics of urban places, including function
Characteristics of urban places, including land use
Characteristics of urban places, including hierarchy of settlement (including megacities)
Characteristics of urban places, including growth process (planned or spontaneous)
Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activities (retail, commercial, industrial), including physical factors
access to water
hospitable climate
agriculture needs arable and fertile land
topography
space available (defence, expansion)
Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activities (retail, commercial, industrial), including land values
Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activities (retail, commercial, industrial) including proximity to a central business district (CBD)
Bid rent theory-
Factors affecting the pattern of urban economic activities (retail, commercial, industrial), including planning
Factors affecting the pattern of residential areas within urban areas, including physical factors
Factors affecting the pattern of residential areas within urban areas, including land values
Factors affecting the pattern of residential areas within urban areas, including ethnicity
ethnic groups are more likely to migrate into areas with a sense of community. ethnic populations are often centred around the part of town that was new residential during the migration boom of that period.
Factors affecting the pattern of residential areas within urban areas, including planningÂ
The incidence of poverty, deprivation and informal activity (housing and industry) in urban areas at varying stages of development
Urbanization & natural increase & centripetal population movement, includingÂ
rural–urban migration in industrializing citiesÂ
Urbanization & natural increase & centripetal population movement, including Â
inner city gentrification in post-industrial citiesÂ
Centrifugal population movements, includingÂ
suburbanizationÂ
Centrifugal population movements, includingÂ
counter-urbanizationÂ
Urban system growth including infrastructure improvements over time, such as transport
Urban system growth including infrastructure improvements over time, such as sanitation
Urban system growth including infrastructure improvements over time, such as water
Urban system growth including infrastructure improvements over time, such as waste disposal
Urban system growth including infrastructure improvements over time, such as telecommunications
Case study of infrastructure growth over time in one city Shanghai
The causes of urban deindustrialization and its economic, social and demographic consequences
Urban microclimate modification and management, including the urban heat island effect
Urban microclimate modification and management, including air pollution patterns and its managementÂ
Case study of air pollution in one city and its varying impact on peopleÂ
Traffic congestion patterns, trends and impacts
Case study of one affected city and the management responseÂ
Contested land use changes, including slum clearances
Contested land use changes, including urban redevelopment
Contested land use changes, including the depletion of green space
Detailed contrasting examples of two neighbourhoods affected by land use change and their populationsÂ
Managing the impacts of urban social deprivation, including the cycle of deprivation and geographic patterns of crime
Urban growth projections for 2050, including regional/continental patterns and trends of rural–urban migration
Urban growth projections for 2050, including changing urban population sizes and structures.
Resilient city design, including strategies to manage escalating climatic and geopolitical risks to urban areas
Two detailed examples to illustrate possible strategies for resilient cities
Eco city design, including strategies to manage the urban ecological footprint
Two detailed examples to illustrate possible environmental strategies of eco cities
Smart city design and the use of new technology to run city services and systems, including purpose-built settlements and retrofitting technology to older settlements