Physical Therapy HOSA

accessory motion

ability of the joint surfaces to glide, roll, and spin on one another

active assisted range of motion

the patient is assisted either manually or mechanically if the prime muscle mover is weak

active range of motion (AROM)

ability of the patient to voluntarily move a limb through an arc of movement

activities of daily living (ADLS)

activities in which individuals participates daily to meet their basic needs

adaptive equipment

pieces of equipment that allow individuals to perform functional tasks with increased ease or independence

aerobic training

exercise program that uses oxygen as the major energy source (extended period, low intensity)

akinesia

poverty of movements

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Lou Gehrig's disease; rapidly progressive neurological disorder associated with a degeneration of the motor nerve cells, median age is fifties

anencephaly

lack of the neural tube closure at the base of the brain, results in fetal death or death shortly after delivery

angina

condition in which chest pain occurs from ischemia

angiography

radiopaque material is injected into the blood vessels to visualize and identify problem

arterial insufficiency

deficiency or occlusion of blood flow through an artery

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

assessment

evaluation to understand a patient's physical condition, capabilities, and limitations

assistive device

device that provides individuals with assistance to perform tasks or during periods of mobility

autism

A neural developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication skills, and repetitive behaviors

autonomous practice

services provided by physical therapists using independent, professional judgement within their scope of practice

bariatrics

Area of health care that deals with the origin, prevention, and treatment of obesity

blood gas analysis

assessment of blood (usually arterial) to determine the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bradykinesia

slowness of movements

brunnstrom approach

neurologic technique based on the natural sequence of recovery after stroke

bursitis

inflammation of bursae, fluid-filled sacs located throughout the body that decrease the friction between two structures; irritated when repeatedly pinched between two structures

cardiac catheterization

passage of a catheter (a flexible tube) into an artery, reach the heart and measure pressure, inject dye, or take a tissue sample

cardiac muscle dysfunction

various pathologic conditions associated with heart failure

cerebral palsy (CP)

non-progressive lesion of the brain; inability for brain to control muscle activity

certification

state regulates the use of professional title without creating a separate scope of practice; must meet state standards, CHAPTER

chronic inflammation

low-grade, protracted inflammatory process

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) symptoms

chronic productive cough, excessive mucus production, changes in the sound produced when air passes through the bronchial tubes, and dyspnea

civil law

law of a jurisdiction concerned with private rights and remedies; the administration of justice involving the violation of private duties owed by individuals

client

individual who seeks the services of a physical therapist to maintain health, or a business that hires a physical therapist as a consultant

closed kinetic chain exercise

exercise incorporating several muscle groups through the use of several joints with the end segment fixed (helpful for lower extremity)

clubfoot

disorder in which the foot is turned inward and slanted upward

code of ethics

principles set forth for the physical therapy profession by APTA for maintaining and promoting ethical practice; violations

collagen

supportive, strong, and fibrous connective tissue protein that is found in the dermis, tendon, cartilage, fascia, ligament, and bone

common law

law created by court decision rather than by legislative action (written by judges)

CT/CAT scan

computer synthesis of x rays transmitted through a specific plane of the body

congestive heart failure (CHF)

condition in which the heart muscle is compromised to the point that it cannot move blood volume effectively

contract law

agreement between two or more persons that creates a legal obligation to do, or not do, a particular thing, can be enforced in court

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

grafting (attaching) a small artery or a leg vein to a point beyond the blockage or plaque

coronary heart disease (CHD)

arteriosclerosis, or a hardening of the arteries, affecting the coronary vessels

criminal law

involves prosecution in a court of law for infractions committed against society, for which the state prosecutes on behalf of the public

cryotherapy

application of cold agents to cause decreases in blood flow and metabolism, which result in a decrease in swelling and pain

cystic fibrosis (CF)

most common inherited chronic pulmonary disease among white children, characterized by production of thick mucus with progressive lung damage

deductible

amount of money that must be paid by insured before a health insurer will assume any liability for covered services

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

dermis

fibrous and connective tissue encompassed by ground substance, contains blood vessels and nerves (1-4mm)

developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

awkward running, frequent falling, slow reaction times, immature balance reactions, poor handwriting (basic motor skills)

developmental delay

failure to attain predictable movement patterns or behaviors associated with children of a similar chronologic age

developmental milestone

movement pattern that appears at a certain stage of growth and development

diagnosis

final interpretation of findings based on examinations (established in accordance with a policy that recognizes the professional and autonomous judgement of the PT)

direct access

availability of the physical therapist to anyone seeking physical therapy services without stipulation of a referral by another health care provider

disablement model

examination process that focuses on impairments, functional limitations and disabilities

discharge

termination of services when goals have been achieved

discontinuation

termination of services as determined by the patient/client or physical therapist

down syndrome

congenital developmental disability caused by a defect of chromosome 21; characterized by low muscle tone and a flat facial profile

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

progressive pelvic muscle weakness and wasting in the males, combined with enlarged, weak, thigh muscles and tight heel cords (symptoms occur at 3-5 yrs)

dynamic balnce

balance maintained with the body in motion

dynamical systems theory

incorporates all of the body's systems; process of moving rather than the product of movement

dysfunction

any functional disability

dyspnea

shortness of breath

echocardiography

technique using high-frequency ultrasound to assess the size of the heart chambers, the thickness of the chamber walls, and the motion of the chamber walls and heart valves

eclectic approach

combination of therapeutic approaches used by the physical therapist and thought to be useful for treatment of a given client

electrical stimulation

application of electricity at specified locations to stimulate nerves, muscles, and other soft tissues to reduce pain and swelling, to increase strength and range of motion, and to facilitate wound healing

electrocardiogram (ECG)

readout produced by placing electrodes on the anterior chest wall to record depolarization or contraction of the heart muscle assess the heart's rate and rhythm

electroencephalography (EEG)

technique for recording the electrical potential or activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp (good for seizure)

electromyography (EMG)

technique for recording the electrical activity in the muscle during a state of rest and during voluntary contraction

embolus

clot formed by a substance detached from elsewhere

enablement process

examination process that focuses on concurrent abilities

entitlement

right or privilege

epidermis

outer layer of the skin, contains predominantly keratinocytes, melanocytes, hair follicles, and glands (~0.06 - 0.1mm)

ergonomics

arranging things so that people and things interact safely and efficiently

evaluation

A clinical judgement based on the data gathered through the test and measurement and other examination sources

evidence-based practice

interventions used in physical therapy, based on research that demonstrates the reliability and validity of the procedures

examination

process of gathering info about the past and current status of the patient/client, includes history, systems review, and tests and measures

exercise stress testing

noninvasive method of determining how the cardiovascular and pulmonary system respond to controlled increases in activity; most frequently used to diagnose or assess suspected or established cardiovascular disease

expressive aphasia

impaired ability to express oneself

family assessment

family history, relationships, concerns, needs, and resources.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

most severe condition related to high levels of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy; distinct physical features and developmental delays

flexibility

ability to move a limb segment through a range of motion

flexibility exercise

exercise performed over time, using stress, to change the length and elasticity of soft tissue such as muscle; usually performed for postural or ROM enhancement

fluidotherapy

use of a self-contained unit filled with sawdust-type particles heated to the desired temperature and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part

foundation for physical therapy

organization, separate from APTA, that promotes and provides financial support for scientific research, clinical research, and health services research in physical therapy

fracture

break in bone; caused by direct trauma; best diagnosed with radiographs

frail elderly

people over age 65 yrs with conditions that significantly impair their daily function

functional exercise

exercise that mimics functional movements and activates functional movements incorporate strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination

functional limitation

decreased ability of a person to perform a task, without regard to the context or environment

functional reach test

specific balance test that can predict the likelihood of falling

goal-directed movement approach

practice specific, meaningful tasks that are important for everyday life

goals

measurable, functional objectives that are linked to a problem identified in a patient evaluation

goniometer

instrument used to measure joint angles

ground substance

acts as cushion; supportive, amorphous gel like substance secreted by fibro-blasts; fills space between connective tissue fibers and cells

guide to physical therapist practice

extensive description of the roles and scope of practice of a physical therapist.

history

description of the past and current health status of the patient/client

hot pack

pouch filled with silica gel and soaked in thermostatically controlled water

hydrotherapy

use of therapeutic effects of water by immersing the body part or entire body into a tank of water

hypermobile joint

joint with excessive motion

hypertonia

high muscle tone

hypertrophic scar

scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound

hypokinesis

state of decreased activity or movement

hypomobile joint

joint with less motion than is considered functional