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American Psychological Association
professional organization representing psychologists in the United States
behaviorism
the psychological focus on observing and controlling behavior. Behaviorism as a theory holds that behaviors are learned or conditioned through environmental experiences.
biological perspective
a psychological approach that examines physiological causes for behavior
biopsychology
study of how biology influences behavior
biopsychosocial model
perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individualās health
clinical psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
cognitive psychology
area of psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions
cognitive revolution
a period of change in psychology during the 1950s and 1960s, characterized by a shift back to studying mental processes and the emergence of cognitive psychology as a prominent perspective
counseling psychology
discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health-related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy
cross-cultural psychologists
compare populations across countries
developmental psychology
the scientific study of development across a lifespan
dissertation
long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidateās doctoral training
eclectic approach
an approach in psychology where psychologists draw from multiple ideas and theories, integrating different perspectives to understand and study human behavior
empirical method
method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities
evolutionary perspective
A psychological approach that posits behaviors have an evolutionary cause and grew from functionalist views
evolutionary psychology
seeks to understand human behavior as the result of psychological adaptation and natural selection
forensic psychology
area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system
functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
health psychology
the study of how psychological factors, including thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and social interactions, influence health and well-being
humanism
perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
humanistic perspective
a psychological approach that emphasizes the potential for good in all humans and rejects a focus on problems and disorders. It emerged in the 1950s, with influential figures such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
multicultural psychologists
develop theories and conduct research with diverse populations, typically within one country
natural selection
a process by which heritable traits conferring survival and reproductive advantage to individuals tend to be passed on to succeeding generations and become more frequent in a population
personality psychology
study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
personality trait
consistent pattern of thought and behavior
psyche
Greek word for soul
psychoanalysis
a type of talk therapy originally developed by Freud but still practiced today that focuses on the interaction between conscious and unconscious elements and involves a person talking about their past experiences to uncover and understand the reasons for behavior
psychoanalytic theory
focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior
psychodynamic perspective
a psychological approach that focuses on the role of the unconscious and childhood experiences in shaping conscious behavior. It originated in the late 19th to early 20th century, with notable figures like Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson.
psychological domain
specific areas of study within the broader discipline of psychology. Each domain examines a different aspect of human experience and behavior.
psychological perspective
theoretical frameworks psychologists use to understand, describe, and explain human behavior and cognitive processes. Each perspective emphasizes different aspects of human behavior and uses different techniques and methods for treatment and study.
psychology
the scientific study of mental processes and behavior
social psychology
the scientific study of how peopleās thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
sociocultural perspective
a psychological approach that emphasizes the influence of the environment on thoughts and behaviors
sport and exercise psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
structuralism
understanding the conscious experience through introspection