The Oxford 5000 by CEFR level (American English)

A-C

Rather than simply memorising isolated facts, students must learn to […] complex information and apply it critically. (глагол: усваивать, поглощать, take in and understand information or ideas, synonyms: take in, comprehend, assimilate; antonyms: ignore, reject)

absorb

Although the concept remains […], it has significant implications for constitutional theory. (прилагательное: абстрактный, existing as an idea rather than as a physical object, synonyms: theoretical, conceptual; antonyms: concrete, tangible)

abstract

Her regional […] became particularly noticeable when she gave the presentation in English. (существительное: акцент, a particular way of pronouncing words associated with a region or social group, synonyms: pronunciation, intonation, inflection; antonyms: standard pronunciation)

accent

The document was […] attached to the wrong case file, creating confusion among the lawyers. (наречие: случайно, by chance and not intentionally, synonyms: unintentionally, inadvertently; antonyms: deliberately, intentionally)

accidentally

To ensure equal access to education, universities are required to […] students with disabilities. (глагол: обеспечивать условия, adapt or provide what is necessary for someone or something, synonyms: adapt, fit, adjust; antonyms: hinder, obstruct)

accommodate

Where should international students seek […] if they cannot afford to live near campus? (существительное: жильё, a place where someone lives or stays, synonyms: housing, lodging, residence; antonyms: homelessness)

accommodation

Had the organisation failed to […] its objectives, the entire project would have been reconsidered. (глагол: достигать, successfully complete or achieve something, synonyms: achieve, attain, fulfil; antonyms: fail, abandon)

accomplish

As an […], she was responsible for reviewing the company's financial statements. (существительное: бухгалтер, a person whose job is to keep and examine financial records, synonyms: bookkeeper, financial officer; antonyms: —)

accountant

What matters most in empirical research is not the quantity of data, but its […]. (существительное: точность, the degree to which something is correct or precise, synonyms: precision, correctness, exactness; antonyms: inaccuracy, imprecision)

accuracy

The measurements must be recorded […], otherwise the conclusions may be unreliable. (наречие: точно, in a correct or precise way, synonyms: precisely, correctly, exactly; antonyms: inaccurately, incorrectly)

accurately

When mixed with water, the […] produced a chemical reaction that required immediate laboratory intervention. (существительное: кислота, a chemical substance with a pH below 7 that can react with certain metals, synonyms: corrosive substance, acid compound; antonyms: alkali, base)

acid

Covering more than 500 […], the agricultural estate is one of the largest in the region. (существительное: акр, a unit of land measurement equal to about 4,047 square metres, synonyms: plot, tract, parcel; antonyms: —)

acre

Before the experiment begins, the technician must […] the equipment by pressing the green button. (глагол: активировать, make a system or device start working, synonyms: switch on, trigger, initiate; antonyms: deactivate, disable)

activate

What begins as occasional use can, in some circumstances, develop into […]. (существительное: зависимость, a strong and harmful need to regularly use a substance or engage in an activity, synonyms: dependence, compulsive use, habit; antonyms: independence, abstinence)

addiction

The reform would reduce administrative costs; […], it could improve access to public services. (наречие: дополнительно, in addition to what has already been mentioned, synonyms: furthermore, moreover, additionally; antonyms: alternatively, instead)

additionally

Is the evidence […] to justify such a significant restriction of individual rights? (прилагательное: достаточный, sufficient for a particular purpose or need, synonyms: sufficient, satisfactory, enough; antonyms: inadequate, insufficient)

adequate

The methodology was not […] explained, making the study difficult to replicate. (наречие: адекватно, sufficiently or satisfactorily for a particular purpose, synonyms: sufficiently, satisfactorily, suitably; antonyms: inadequately, insufficiently)

adequately

As new evidence emerged, the court was forced to […] its previous interpretation of the statute. (глагол: корректировать, change something slightly to make it more suitable or effective, synonyms: modify, adapt, alter; antonyms: maintain, preserve)

adjust

For many low-income families, private healthcare remains financially […]. (прилагательное: доступный по цене, reasonably priced and within financial reach, synonyms: inexpensive, reasonably priced, economical; antonyms: expensive, unaffordable)

affordable

Policies designed for the […] population must take into account differences in health, mobility, and access to services. (прилагательное: пожилой, old or elderly, synonyms: elderly, older, mature; antonyms: young, youthful)

aged

Without sustainable […], food security in developing regions may be seriously threatened. (существительное: сельское хозяйство, the practice of cultivating land and raising animals for food, synonyms: farming, cultivation, husbandry; antonyms: —)

agriculture

The campaign sought to reduce stigma and improve public understanding of […]. (существительное: СПИД, a disease caused by HIV that severely damages the immune system, synonyms: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; antonyms: —)

AIDS

Whether an […] may remain in the country depends on the applicable immigration laws. (существительное: иностранец, a person who is not a citizen or national of a particular country, synonyms: foreigner, outsider, non-national; antonyms: citizen, national)

alien

The new regulatory framework operates […] existing national and international human-rights standards. (предлог: наряду с, next to or together with something else, synonyms: beside, next to, together with; antonyms: apart from)

alongside

Taken […], these findings suggest that the policy has had little measurable effect. (наречие: полностью, completely or entirely, synonyms: entirely, completely, wholly; antonyms: partially, partly)

altogether

Only an […] researcher would attempt to challenge such a deeply established theory without substantial evidence. (прилагательное: амбициозный, having a strong desire to achieve something difficult or impressive, synonyms: aspiring, determined, enterprising; antonyms: unambitious, modest)

ambitious

After the accident, an […] arrived within minutes and transported the injured passenger to hospital. (существительное: скорая помощь, a vehicle used to transport sick or injured people to hospital, synonyms: emergency vehicle, medical transport; antonyms: —)

ambulance

What makes the documentary particularly […] is its ability to explain complex political issues through humour. (прилагательное: забавный, entertaining or causing laughter, synonyms: entertaining, funny; antonyms: boring, serious)

amusing

How might an […] interpret the sudden decline in the company's market value? (существительное: аналитик, a person who examines information in order to understand or predict something, synonyms: researcher, evaluator, assessor; antonyms: —)

analyst

Many of the customs we consider traditional can be traced back to our […]. (существительное: предок, a person from whom someone is descended, synonyms: forebear, predecessor, forefather; antonyms: descendant)

ancestor

Rather than using live actors, the film relies heavily on computer-generated […]. (существительное: анимация, the technique of creating moving images from drawings or computer graphics, synonyms: cartooning, motion graphics; antonyms: still image)

animation

The organisation publishes its financial statements […], allowing stakeholders to monitor its performance over time. (наречие: ежегодно, once every year, synonyms: yearly, every year, per annum; antonyms: irregularly, occasionally)

annually

Given the rapid pace of technological change, policymakers could not have […] all of the consequences. (глагол: предвидеть, expect or predict something before it happens, synonyms: expect, predict, foresee; antonyms: overlook, disregard)

anticipate

Is it possible to distinguish between ordinary concern and clinically significant […]? (существительное: тревога, a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, synonyms: apprehension, worry, unease; antonyms: calmness, confidence)

anxiety

"On behalf of the organisation, I would like to offer an […] for the delay." (существительное: извинение, a statement expressing regret for having done something wrong, synonyms: regret, expression of remorse, contrition; antonyms: accusation, justification)

apology

Only after all documents had been reviewed could the […] be formally admitted to the programme. (существительное: заявитель, a person who formally applies for something, synonyms: candidate, contender, petitioner; antonyms: non-applicant)

applicant

When responding to allegations of misconduct, public institutions must act […]. (наречие: надлежащим образом, in a suitable or correct manner, synonyms: suitably, properly; antonyms: inappropriately, improperly)

appropriately

In Figure 3, an […] indicates the direction in which the variable changes. (существительное: стрелка, a symbol shaped like a line with a pointed end used to show direction, synonyms: pointer, indicator, sign; antonyms: —)

arrow

The exhibition features original […] created by artists from across Central Asia. (существительное: произведение искусства, a piece of art such as a painting, sculpture, or drawing, synonyms: art piece, creation; antonyms: —)

artwork

Intellectual property can become a valuable […] for a technology company seeking investment. (существительное: актив, something valuable that belongs to a person or organization, synonyms: resource, property, possession; antonyms: liability, debt)

asset

Rather than allowing students to choose freely, the professor […] each participant a specific research question. (глагол: назначать, give someone a particular task or responsibility, synonyms: allocate, appoint, designate; antonyms: remove, withdraw)

assign

Should you require further […], please contact the research coordinator. (существительное: помощь, help or support given to someone, synonyms: aid, support, help; antonyms: obstruction, hindrance)

assistance

The entire argument collapses if its central […] proves to be false. (существительное: предположение, something accepted as true without proof, synonyms: presumption, supposition, premise; antonyms: certainty, proof)

assumption

The minister attempted to […] the public that no further restrictions would be introduced. (глагол: заверять, tell someone confidently that something is true or will happen, synonyms: reassure, guarantee, convince; antonyms: discourage, alarm)

assure

So […] was the discovery that several independent research teams immediately attempted to replicate it. (прилагательное: поразительный, extremely surprising or impressive, synonyms: astonishing, amazing, astounding; antonyms: ordinary, unsurprising)

astonishing

The scholarship is intended for students with strong academic and […] abilities. (прилагательное: спортивный, physically strong, fit, or related to physical activity, synonyms: sporty, fit, vigorous; antonyms: unfit, inactive)

athletic

If you send the application by email, remember to include the relevant […] as a PDF file. (существительное: вложение, a file or document added to an email or other message, synonyms: enclosure, annex, supplement; antonyms: —)

attachment

The course combines traditional lectures with […] materials, including recorded interviews and podcasts. (прилагательное: аудио, relating to sound or recorded sound, synonyms: auditory, sound-based, acoustic; antonyms: visual, written)

audio

Public […] of data-protection risks has increased significantly in recent years. (существительное: осведомлённость, knowledge or understanding of a particular issue, synonyms: consciousness, recognition, understanding; antonyms: ignorance, unawareness)

awareness

Because the provision is legally […], different courts have interpreted it in conflicting ways. (прилагательное: неловкий, difficult to deal with or causing embarrassment or difficulty, synonyms: uncomfortable, inconvenient, clumsy; antonyms: convenient, smooth)

awkward

Before entering the restricted area, visitors must display an identification […]. (существительное: значок, a small piece of metal or plastic showing someone's official position, synonyms: insignia, emblem, identification; antonyms: —)

badge

A […] approach to policymaking requires decision-makers to consider competing interests rather than prioritising only one objective. (прилагательное: сбалансированный, considering different factors fairly and in appropriate proportions, synonyms: even, proportionate, well-rounded; antonyms: unbalanced, one-sided)

balanced

Having trained in [… ] for more than a decade, she eventually joined an international dance company. (существительное: балет, a form of dance based on formal movements and positions, synonyms: dance, classical dance; antonyms: —)

ballet

The instrument was attached to a weather […] designed to measure atmospheric conditions at high altitude. (существительное: воздушный шар, a large inflatable object that floats in the air, synonyms: air balloon, inflatable sphere; antonyms: —)

balloon

There was […] enough evidence to establish that the defendant had acted intentionally. (наречие: едва, only just; almost not, synonyms: hardly, scarcely, just; antonyms: easily, clearly)

barely

After several hours of negotiation, the two parties finally reached a […]. (существительное: выгодная сделка, an agreement in which something is bought or obtained at a good price or advantage, synonyms: deal, good buy; antonyms: bad deal, loss)

bargain

The archive's most valuable manuscripts are kept in a secure […] beneath the main building. (существительное: подвал, a room below ground level in a building, synonyms: cellar, underground room; antonyms: attic, upper floor)

basement

Once the samples have been collected, place them carefully in the laboratory […]. (существительное: корзина, a container made of woven material or plastic used for carrying or storing things, synonyms: container, hamper, receptacle; antonyms: —)

basket

At night, a […] uses echolocation to navigate and locate its prey. (существительное: летучая мышь, a mammal capable of flying that is active mainly at night, synonyms: flying mammal; antonyms: —)

bat

From a public-health perspective, regular exercise is widely regarded as […]. (прилагательное: полезный, producing a positive effect or advantage, synonyms: advantageous, helpful, favorable; antonyms: harmful, detrimental)

beneficial

The new faculty building stands […] the central library, making it easy for students to move between them. (предлог: рядом с, next to or at the side of something, synonyms: next to, by, adjacent to; antonyms: far from)

beside

The policy could reduce costs; […], it may improve access to essential services. (предлог/наречие: кроме того, in addition to; also, synonyms: furthermore, moreover, in addition; antonyms: excluding, except)

besides

Researchers must be aware of potential […] when interpreting survey results. (существительное: предвзятость, an unfair preference or tendency that influences judgment, synonyms: prejudice, partiality, favoritism; antonyms: impartiality, neutrality)

bias

Unless another company submits a higher […], the contract will be awarded to the current bidder. (существительное/глагол: ставка, предложение цены; offer a particular amount of money for something, synonyms: offer, proposal, tender; antonyms: withdraw, reject)

bid

The study explores the […] factors that influence children's cognitive development. (прилагательное: биологический, relating to living organisms or biological processes, synonyms: physiological, organic, life-related; antonyms: artificial, non-biological)

biological

Even though the temperature dropped below zero, the thick […] kept the researchers warm. (существительное: одеяло, a covering used to keep someone warm, synonyms: cover, quilt, bedcover; antonyms: —)

blanket

A sudden […] of wind forced the aircraft to change its course. (существительное: удар, сильный порыв, a sudden movement of air or a forceful hit, synonyms: gust, strike, hit; antonyms: calm, stillness)

blow

It was a […] decision to challenge the constitutionality of such a politically sensitive law. (прилагательное: смелый, confident and willing to take risks, synonyms: daring, courageous, audacious; antonyms: timid, cautious)

bold

The investigation focused on the legal consequences of the […] of civilian infrastructure. (существительное: бомбардировка, the act of attacking a place with bombs, synonyms: airstrike, bombardment, attack; antonyms: peace, ceasefire)

bombing

By simplifying the application procedure, the reform could […] participation among low-income citizens. (глагол/существительное: стимулировать, увеличение, increase or improve something, synonyms: increase, enhance, strengthen; antonyms: reduce, weaken)

boost

Once a state has ratified the treaty, it is legally […] by its provisions. (прилагательное: связанный обязательством, legally or morally required to do something, synonyms: obligated, obliged, required; antonyms: free, unbound)

bound

The original structure, built from red […], has survived for more than two centuries. (существительное: кирпич, a rectangular block used in building, usually made of baked clay, synonyms: masonry unit, building block; antonyms: —)

brick

To put the argument […], the author claims that constitutional courts should have stronger powers. (наречие: кратко, in a short and concise manner, synonyms: concisely, shortly, succinctly; antonyms: extensively, elaborately)

briefly

When the election results were announced, the national […] immediately began broadcasting live coverage. (существительное: вещатель, a person or organization that transmits programmes by radio or television, synonyms: transmitter, media organization; antonyms: —)

broadcaster

The two approaches are […] similar, although they differ in their underlying assumptions. (наречие: в целом, generally or in a broad sense, synonyms: generally, widely; antonyms: narrowly, specifically)

broadly

The scholarship costs several hundred […] per semester. (существительное: доллар, a unit of currency used in the United States and several other countries, synonyms: dollar, unit of currency; antonyms: —)

buck

A minor software […] prevented users from accessing the online database. (существительное: ошибка, a small defect or fault in a computer program or system, synonyms: glitch, defect, fault; antonyms: feature, improvement)

bug

During the fieldwork, the researchers lived in a remote […] near the mountain village. (существительное: хижина, a small simple house, especially in a remote area, synonyms: hut, lodge, cottage; antonyms: mansion, palace)

cabin

The irrigation […] transformed the region by bringing water to previously dry farmland. (существительное: канал, an artificial waterway constructed for transport or irrigation, synonyms: waterway, watercourse; antonyms: —)

canal

With the electricity disconnected, the witness lit a […] to continue reading the document. (существительное: свеча, a stick of wax with a wick that produces light when burning, synonyms: taper, votive; antonyms: —)

candle

Reducing […] emissions has become a central objective of international climate policy. (существительное: углерод, a chemical element found in all living things and many compounds, synonyms: carbon element; antonyms: —)

carbon

Built on a hill overlooking the valley, the medieval […] became an important centre of regional power. (существительное: замок, a large fortified building, usually from the medieval period, synonyms: fortress, citadel, stronghold; antonyms: —)

castle

The interview was conducted in a relatively […] setting, without the formal procedures normally associated with academic research. (прилагательное: неформальный, relaxed and not formal, synonyms: informal, relaxed, unofficial; antonyms: formal, official)

casual

Deep inside the mountain, the expedition discovered a previously unknown […]. (существительное: пещера, a large natural hollow space in the ground, especially in a hill or mountain, synonyms: cavern, grotto, hollow; antonyms: —)

cave

Even after reviewing all the evidence, the researchers could not claim with absolute […] that the hypothesis was correct. (существительное: уверенность, complete confidence that something is true or will happen, synonyms: confidence, assurance, conviction; antonyms: doubt, uncertainty)

certainty

Upon successful completion of the programme, each participant receives a […]. (существительное: сертификат, an official document proving that someone has achieved or completed something, synonyms: credential, diploma, qualification; antonyms: disqualification)

certificate

Whether freedom of expression should protect offensive speech remains a […] constitutional question. (прилагательное: сложный, difficult and requiring effort or skill, synonyms: demanding, difficult; antonyms: easy, simple)

challenging

After years of preparation, the university team finally reached the national […]. (существительное: чемпионат, a competition to determine the best team or individual, synonyms: tournament, competition, title; antonyms: —)

championship

What makes the historic district particularly […] is the combination of traditional architecture and local culture. (прилагательное: очаровательный, pleasant and attractive in a way that makes people like it, synonyms: delightful, attractive, appealing; antonyms: unattractive, unpleasant)

charming

Rather than […] a particular individual, the investigation focused on identifying the systemic causes of the problem. (глагол/существительное: преследовать, погоня, pursue someone or something in order to catch them, synonyms: pursue, follow, pursuit; antonyms: avoid, flee)

chase

The judge noticed a bruise on the defendant's […]. (существительное: щека, the side of the face below the eye, synonyms: facial side; antonyms: —)

cheek

When the final result was announced, supporters began to […] loudly from the stands. (глагол/существительное: подбадривать, аплодировать, encourage or support someone by shouting or applauding, synonyms: encourage, applaud; antonyms: boo, discourage)

cheer

To prepare the vegetables for the experiment, […] them into small pieces. (глагол: рубить, резать, cut something into pieces with repeated blows, synonyms: cut, slice, chop up; antonyms: join, assemble)

chop

The electricity was restored only after engineers had repaired the damaged […]. (существительное: цепь, circuit or route followed by something, especially electricity, synonyms: loop, route, network; antonyms: break, interruption)

circuit

How did the development of writing transform human [… ]? (существительное: цивилизация, a complex society with its own culture and institutions, synonyms: society, culture, nation; antonyms: barbarism, primitiveness)

civilization

If the provision is not sufficiently clear, the court may need to […] its meaning. (глагол: прояснять, make something clearer or easier to understand, synonyms: explain, elucidate; antonyms: confuse, obscure)

clarify

Once the data has been collected, researchers can […] participants according to age, gender, or other relevant characteristics. (глагол: классифицировать, arrange people or things into groups according to shared characteristics, synonyms: categorize, group, sort; antonyms: combine, mix)

classify

Standing on the edge of the […], the researchers could see the sea far below. (существительное: утёс, a very steep rock face, especially at the edge of the sea, synonyms: precipice, escarpment, crag; antonyms: plain, valley)

cliff

Patients who require specialised treatment are usually referred to a […]. (существительное: клиника, a place where medical treatment is provided, often without overnight stays, synonyms: medical center, healthcare facility, practice; antonyms: —)

clinic

For the presentation, the student included a short […] from the original interview. (существительное: отрывок, короткий фрагмент, a short extract or piece cut from a longer work, synonyms: excerpt, extract, segment; antonyms: whole, entirety)

clip