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Potential difference definition
potential difference is the energy transferred per charge carrier from electrical energy to other forms of energy
Potential difference Equation
V = W/Q
∴ V = JC⁻¹
EMF definition
The energy transferred per charge carrier from chemical (or other) energy to electrical energy
EMF equation
E = W/Q
∴ E = JC⁻¹
Difference between emf and p.d in terms of charges
p.d is the work done by the charge carriers
emf is the work done on the charge carriers
Kirchhoff’s Second Law
In any circuit, the sum of the electromotive forces is equal to the sum of the p.d.s around a closed loop
Potential Difference in Series
The sum of the p.d.s is equal to the emf
V = V1 + V2 + …
Potential Difference in parallel
The p.d in each branch is equal to the emf from the power supply
V = V1 = V2 = …