Unit 2 Matter & Energy (Exit Exam)
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78 Terms
What is electromagnetic energy?
An electric and magnetic disturbance traveling through space at the speed of light.
What is the speed of light?
3.0 × 10⁸ m/s or 186,000 miles/sec.
What are EM radiations made of according to particle theory?
Small bundles of energy called photons or quanta.
What does a sine wave represent in EM radiation?
It graphically represents EM photons.
What is amplitude?
The maximum height of the crest or trough of a wave.
What is amplitude related to?
The intensity of the wave and the amount of energy carried by the wave.
What is wavelength?
The distance between two successive points on a wave, usually crest to crest or trough to trough.
What symbol represents wavelength?
Lambda, written as λ.
What happens to energy when wavelength decreases?
Energy increases.
What happens to energy when wavelength increases?
Energy decreases.
What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?
They are inversely proportional.
What does "inversely proportional" mean?
As one goes up, the other goes down.
Photons with shorter wavelengths have what kind of energy?
Higher energy.
Photons with longer wavelengths have what kind of energy?
Lower energy.
What are the wavelengths of diagnostic x-ray photons?
About 0.1-0.5 Å.
What is frequency?
The number of waves that pass a point in a given time frame.
What symbols can represent frequency?
v or f.
What is the SI unit for frequency?
Hertz, abbreviated Hz.
What does 1 Hz mean?
1 cycle per second.
What is a period?
The time required to complete one cycle of a wave.
Photons with high frequency have what kind of energy?
High energy.
Photons with low frequency have what kind of energy?
Low energy.
What is the relationship between frequency and energy?
They are directly proportional.
What does "directly proportional" mean?
As one increases, the other increases too.
If frequency increases, what happens to energy?
Energy increases.
If frequency decreases, what happens to energy?
Energy decreases.
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
They are inversely proportional.
If wavelength gets shorter, what happens to frequency?
Frequency increases.
If wavelength gets longer, what happens to frequency?
Frequency decreases.
What is the wave equation?
c = vλ
In the wave equation, what does c stand for?
Speed of light.
In the wave equation, what does v stand for?
Frequency.
In the wave equation, what does λ stand for?
Wavelength.
How do you calculate wavelength?
λ = c / v
How do you calculate frequency?
v = c / λ
What does Planck's Law show?
The relationship between photon energy and frequency.
What is Planck's Law?
E = hv
In Planck's Law, what does E stand for?
Photon energy.
In Planck's Law, what does h stand for?
Planck's constant.
In Planck's Law, what does v stand for?
Frequency.
What is Planck's constant?
4.15 × 10⁻¹⁵ eV-sec.
According to Planck's Law, if frequency increases, what happens to energy?
Energy increases.
According to Planck's Law, if energy increases, what happens to frequency?
Frequency increases.
What are the 3 scales of the EM spectrum?
Wavelength in meters, frequency in Hertz, and energy in electron volts.
Do all EM radiations travel at the same speed?
Yes, they all travel at the speed of light.
Which EM radiations are ionizing?
X-rays, gamma rays, and high-energy ultraviolet.
Why are x-rays, gamma rays, and high-energy UV dangerous to cells?
They can cause ionization, which can damage living cells.
What are x-rays classified as?
A form of electromagnetic radiation.
Are x-rays matter or energy?
Energy.
Can x-rays ionize matter?
Yes.
What does it mean that x-rays can ionize matter?
They can remove or add electrons, creating ions.
Do x-rays travel in straight lines?
Yes.
At what speed do x-rays travel?
The speed of light.
Can x-rays be seen?
No.
Can x-rays be heard?
No.
Are x-rays electrically neutral?
Yes.
Do x-rays have mass?
No.
Do x-rays have charge?
No.
Are x-rays affected by electric fields?
No.
Are x-rays affected by magnetic fields?
No.
Can x-rays be produced in different energies?
Yes, over a wide range of energies.
Can x-rays be produced in different wavelengths?
Yes, over a wide range of wavelengths.
What happens when x-rays pass through matter?
They release a small amount of heat.
Can x-rays be reflected by a mirror?
No.
Can x-rays be focused by a lens?
No.
What do x-rays cause in certain crystals?
Fluorescence.
What is fluorescence?
When certain materials give off visible light after being exposed to radiation.
What types of radiation can x-rays produce?
Secondary and scatter radiation.
What effects can x-rays produce in matter?
Chemical and biological effects through excitation and ionization.
What is excitation?
When energy raises an electron to a higher energy level without removing it.
What is ionization?
When an electron is removed from or added to an atom.
Why are x-rays useful in radiography?
They can pass through the body and interact differently with different tissues.
Why can x-rays cause biologic damage?
Because they can ionize matter and affect cells.
Are x-rays considered ionizing radiation?
Yes.
Do x-rays behave like waves or particles?
Both — this is called wave-particle duality.
What is wave-particle duality?
EM radiation can behave like a wave in some situations and like a particle in others.
What are x-ray photons?
Small bundles of x-ray energy.
Do x-ray photons have mass or charge?
No, they have neither mass nor charge.