Chemistry reaction pathways

alkene to haloalkane

addition

a hydrogen halide

haloalkane to alkene

elimination

KOH/NaOH in ethanol

reflux

haloalkane to dihaloalkane

substitution

halogen

UV light

haloalkane to haloalkane

substitution

ethanol

halogen

stir

alkane to haloalkane

substitution

UV light

halogen

haloalkane to amine

substitution

ethanol

sealed test tube

heat

haloalkane to alcohol

substitution

NaOH

100 degrees

also produces NaCl

alkene to alcohol (two methods)

addition

H3PO4

H2O (steam)

oxidation

cold, dilute KMnO4

H+

* produces diol

alcohol to alkene

dehydration

conc, H2SO4, 440K

OR

Al2O3 catalyst

alkene to alkane

reduction

hydrogen gas

metal catalyst (Ni/Pt/Pd)

alkene to polyalkene

addition polymerisation

high pressure

heat

catalyst

alkene to dihaloalkane

addition

Br2 or Cl2

alcohol to carboxylic acid (two step)

primary alcohol -> aldehyde

- oxidation, hot/conc/H+, KMnO4/K2Cr2O7

aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

- oxidation

alcohol to ketone

oxidation of secondary alcohol

H+, K2Cr2O7, reflux

alkene to carboxylic acid

oxidation of cyclic alkene (hot/conc/KMnO4/H+) to aldehyde

oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid

ester to alcohol (three methods)

hydrolysis (saponification)

- presence of strong base

*produces salt too

base hydrolysis

- reflux, OH-

*produces salt of carboxylic acid too

acid hydrolysis

- reflux, H+

*produces carboxylic acid too

alcohol to ester

condensation (esterfication)

carboxylic acid

H+

reflux

amine to amide

condensation

carboxylic acid

conc/H2SO4

*produces H2O

amide to amine (two methods)

base hydrolysis

H2O/OH-

NaOH

*produces ester

acid hydrolysis

H2O/H+

HCl

*produces carboxylic acid

amine to salt reaction (two)

ethylamine -(HCl)-> ethylammonium chloride

ethylamine -(HNO3)-> ethylammonium nitrate