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what is the early modern era?
period of the European Renaissance, the “rebirth” of knowledge of Greek and Roman knowledge (documents)
where did the European Renassiance get the Greek and Roman knowledge?
through Mongol trade routes, retreating Byzantine citizens, Muslim Spain, or exploits of Crusader states in the Levant
what philosphy grew in the early modern era because of the European Renaissance?
skepticism. gradual turn away fom rigid social and religous constraints of Catholic Church and hereditary privilage. questioned and rejected traditional answers
in the early modern era, what type of social structure fell in Europe?
feudalism. after the black plague, peasants rose up
what happened in the early modern era that propelled Europe to the major colonial force?
the European Renaissance
what invention allowed knowledge from these Greek and Roman documents to disseminate?
the printing press
who made the printing press?
gutenberg
what writers in the European Renaissance made vernacular (in English and Spanish)?
William Shakespeare & Miguel de Cervantes
in the early modern era, how did skepticism relate to science?
there was a scientific revolution with people like Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Newton
fall of constantinople
1453
what happened to the Crusaders in the age of european exploration?
fall of Crusader states and collapse of economic trade systems under Mongols
kicked out of constantinople, west afria (bcs of muslims), crusaders lost acess to asia
what happened to prompt the european exploration?
because many european states were falling, they didn’t have markets and goods in South and East Asia
what were the motives and justifications of European Exploration?
trade (goods) and justifiations for glory and God
how did Spain and Portugal gain acess back to Asia?
they established trade posts and outposts along coastline of Africa that wrapped around continent that led them to Indian Ocean
what are caravels?
european exploration tech that operated as small maneuverable ships with lateen sails
compass and astrolabe?
european exploration for navigation and mapmaking
portolan maps?
marking distance based on time traaveled in a single directino which made it far easier to accurately chart and navigat enew areas
what winds helped european exploration?
trade winds and westerflies. discovery of new region wind a patterns
gunpowder, gunboats, horses?
european exploration tech and weaponztion in Americas
who was the Portuguese explorer who made it to India?
Vasco de Gama
what did the Portuguese establish in West Africa?
trade outposts, trade agreements, and realtions
what did the Portuguese have that gave them a military advantage compared to Non-Europeans?
gunpowder weapons like the canon
how did the Portuguese’s military advantage impact their number of troops?
their troops were small and even defeated the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim coalitions
who asked Christopher Colombus to explore?
King Fernidad and Queen Isabella of Spain
the Portoguese sometimes used who to sponsor royal and noble patrons?
Henry the Navigator
who were conquistadors?
successful conquerors of American Indian civilizations in the Americas
what did conquistadors get?
noble titles, power fuedal land in Americas
who are some examples of conquistadors?
Hernan Cortes against Aztecs and Francisco Pizzaro against the Inca
what were the motivators of New World exploration?
God (as a justification and motive), Gold (biggest motivator), and Gold
what was the people’s reaction to the Tokugawa shogunate system?
they were chill before Japan was super anti-foreigners and anti-Catholic and had high taxes
what was the shimbara rebellion?
anti-foreign sentiments swept Japan and people rebelled. very rare
how did the shimbara rebellion start and continue?
it stated with the reaction of high local taxes, anti-Catholic policies. many Catholic converts rebelled against shogunate
what happens after the Shimbara rebellion?
gave edicts that for bade any foreign activity, Shakoku
what is Sakoku?
all foreign contact came through diplomatic relations directly with Edo gov, Japan was largely deprived or slowed to technological devs. and innovations.
what happened to the Samurai under the Tokugawa Shogunate?
traditional samurai wasn’t respected as much. became a social class instead of “wariors”
what is a shogun?
a military guy
who was Tokugawa Ieysay?
military and political leader who conquered and unified Japan following the Sengoku Period
what was the Sungoku Period?
period of constant civil warring, after that Tokugawa unified Japan
what was the Tokugawa Shogunate?
shogun ruled from Edo (now Tokyo), which maintains ceremonial relationship with Japanese emperor
during this period of unification of Japan with shogun, what was the type of governmental system?
centralized feudal kingdom. administered by shogun, noble daimyo class ruled over districts (HAN)
what was the responsibilities of the shogunate?
responsible for foreign relations, national security, coinage, standardization of coinage, transportation
what is a han
noble diamyo class, “good hostages”, ruled over districts. the han had to stay loyal to Shogunate. made own independent bureaucracies to govern, administer, and tax.
what period was under the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Edo Period. prosperous time altho cut off from rest of the world.
how does Europe relate to east Asia and colonization?
Europeans tried to conquer East Asia, but failed. instead they traded with imperial China and Japan
how does the Catholic church with Spain and Portugal relate to East Asia?
missionaries evangized in China, Japan, and Philippines.
what was the view of westerners from the Chinese and Japanese?
some would oppose presence of western peoples, religion, and ideals. they were unclean and too individualistic
what type of Europeans were tolerable with China and Japan?
the dutch. they just wanted to trade not rally convert
what’s the context between Spain & Portugal in the age of exploration?
they were rivals. Portugal started, further had disagreement of land, let Pope decide: made line
what did the decision of the Pope do to Spain and Portugal?
Portugal had access east of line (Brazil, Africa, OLD WORLD). Spain had access West in Americas (New World).
what was the decision of the Pope with the divide of Spain and Portugal called? what was the effect?
Treaty of Tordesalles. treaty allowed empires free exploration
post empires were part of which economy ?
Portugal with Africa
what as the cartaz ?
a trade agreement/certificate of non-Portuguese traders to trade with Portugal. increased economy
how did Portugal boast their economy (not cortaz)?
slavery (with Africa)
what did Spain focus on?
conquest, exploration, “gold”
what was New Spain?
the name that Spaniards gave to the land they conquered
what system did the Spaniards develop ?
new type of feudalism (encomienda)
what was the encomienda system?
Chrsitianizing them, forcing them to do labor
what was the racial caste system ?
solid hierarchy that advantage to Peninsulares (Spaniards from Spain). less was Criollos
what did the English & Dutch do to find money?
created charter companies that acted as company armies to protect their own company
what are some examples of “company armies” that the English & Dutch had?
Virginia company and Dutch East India
what was the impact of these charter company armies?
created the concept of a corporate, mother country had economy & acess to old/new world
what’s the colombian exchange?
exchange of the new world and the old world
what did the new world gave in the colombian exchange?
tabacco, caocao, potato, tomatoes, pumpkin
what did the old world give to new world?
rice, coffee, wheat, livestock
what diseases did the new world give to the old world?
shpyllis
what diseases did the old world give the new worls?
measles, small pox, influenza
Triangular trade
atlantic system
why did the mercantile system start?
Europeans believed that there was a “fixed-wealth” or a certain amount of wealth in the world, and the goal is to control most of it. not everyone can be successful.
what was mercantilism?
maximalizing exports, minimizing imports in hopes of enhancing national power at the expense ot rival countries
what does mercantilism promote?
colonialism and aristocracy (the wealthy getting wealthier)
what was in mercantilism that helped its goal?
tarrifs - putting money on imported (foreign) goods
what’s the ONLY way to implement the mercantile system? what’s the saying about it ?
tarrifs are economic warfare
who was helped with mercantilism?
Europeans because they were mainly making goods
what were the 2 methods to further push mercantalism and gain more money?
sell more to them (exports) than buying from them AND use of pirates or military forces to steal or interrupts trade of rivals while protecting their own
what is colonialism?
occupation, settlement, and economic exploitation of its land and peoples
what made the Spanish very rich but poorly managed it? where specifically was this at? what happened?
they found soooo much silver. Peru, mexico, nevada
what did the Spanish do that waste their silver?
they started a bunch of wars between the English and the French. they also gave sm money to Catholics to fight Muslims. etcetc
what was the effect of the Spanish silver trade?
because they didn’t manage it right (thru funding wars and bad taxes), silver inflation would lead to their decline
what happened after the Spanish silver trade and their colonies?
lot of nations declared independence since Spain was trash.
what currency change in ming china made them economically decline?
from rice to only silver-only tax policy
what were the effects of the silver-only tax policy? explain this policy.
China didn’t have silver, so they had to trade with the Europeans. the Chinese peasants then made things for Europeans than themselves (to get more silver), causing economy and population to decrease dramatically.
what is the context of monochial centaliztion?
europeans wanted to be richer, so the govt became more focused on organized tax collection and bureaucracy
who were the rulers of the time and what did they do?
Philip II in Spain and Louis XIV in France. used money and power to control the nobles
what did Phillip II do with the nobles?
gave nobles party (women, gambling, etc.) and promoted idleness. this let him control their land and areas of authority.
what did Louis XIV do with nobles?
nobles were incorporate into the central bureaucracy and military to help maintain central government
what was the divine right of kings?
king was a vessel through which God ruled
how did the nobles react to the divine right of kings?
they opposed increased monarchichal control, led to opposition and rebellion
how did Louis XIV abuse his power as king?
he buillt castles and monuments and sued state resources to build Versailles Palace
what did effective monarchs do?
incorporated nobility to bureaucracy and military, kept their local authority
who were the gentry class?
class of wealthy people but not nobles (of power)
how was the gentry class emerge?
the mercantilist system
where did it start?
england and the netherlands
how was the death of feudalism impacts the emergence of the gentry class?
rather than offer up their excess grains as payment to lords, they sell it at marketplace (then goes to capitalism)
what is commercialization?
selling agriculture for profit. led to economic growth in European society
what did the gentry class did to stay wealthy?
closed off their land (enclosure) and the removal of traditional peasantry who had Common Land Rights
what was the ottoman empire?
Turkish, Islamic sultanate that featured gunpowder weapons and feudal agricultural society
what region did the ottoman’s invaded that made them the first Islamic invaders of Christian Europe?
the Balkans in southern Europe.
when did the ottomans captured Constantinople and ending the Byzantine empire?
1453
why was the Ottoman empire fell?
World War I. sided with the centrals (Germany, Austria, etc.). bad idea, fell
