unit 3

what is the early modern era?

period of the European Renaissance, the “rebirth” of knowledge of Greek and Roman knowledge (documents)

where did the European Renassiance get the Greek and Roman knowledge?

through Mongol trade routes, retreating Byzantine citizens, Muslim Spain, or exploits of Crusader states in the Levant

what philosphy grew in the early modern era because of the European Renaissance?

*skepticism*. gradual turn away fom rigid social and religous constraints of Catholic Church and hereditary privilage. questioned and rejected traditional answers

in the early modern era, what type of social structure fell in Europe?

feudalism. after the black plague, peasants rose up

what happened in the early modern era that propelled Europe to *the* major colonial force?

the European Renaissance

what invention allowed knowledge from these Greek and Roman documents to disseminate?

the printing press

who made the printing press?

gutenberg

what writers in the European Renaissance made vernacular (in English and Spanish)?

William Shakespeare & Miguel de Cervantes

in the early modern era, how did skepticism relate to science?

there was a scientific revolution with people like Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Newton

fall of constantinople

1453

what happened to the Crusaders in the age of european exploration?

fall of Crusader states and collapse of economic trade systems under Mongols

kicked out of constantinople, west afria (bcs of muslims), crusaders lost acess to asia

what happened to prompt the european exploration?

because many european states were falling, they didn’t have markets and goods in South and East Asia

what were the motives and *justifications* of European Exploration?

trade (goods) and justifiations for glory and God

how did Spain and Portugal gain acess back to Asia?

they established trade posts and outposts along coastline of Africa that wrapped around continent that led them to Indian Ocean

what are caravels?

european exploration tech that operated as small maneuverable ships with lateen sails

compass and astrolabe?

european exploration for navigation and mapmaking

portolan maps?

marking distance based on time traaveled in a single directino which made it far easier to accurately chart and navigat enew areas

what winds helped european exploration?

trade winds and westerflies. discovery of new region wind a patterns

gunpowder, gunboats, horses?

european exploration tech and weaponztion in Americas

who was the Portuguese explorer who made it to India?

Vasco de Gama

what did the Portuguese establish in West Africa?

trade outposts, trade agreements, and realtions

what did the Portuguese have that gave them a military advantage compared to Non-Europeans?

gunpowder weapons like the canon

how did the Portuguese’s military advantage impact their number of troops?

their troops were small and even defeated the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim coalitions

who asked Christopher Colombus to explore?

King Fernidad and Queen Isabella of *Spain*

the Portoguese sometimes used *who* to sponsor royal and noble patrons?

Henry the Navigator

who were conquistadors?

successful conquerors of American Indian civilizations in the Americas

what did conquistadors get?

noble titles, power fuedal land in Americas

who are some examples of conquistadors?

Hernan Cortes against Aztecs and Francisco Pizzaro against the Inca

what were the motivators of New World exploration?

God (as a justification and motive), Gold (biggest motivator), and Gold

what was the people’s reaction to the Tokugawa shogunate system?

they were chill before Japan was super anti-foreigners and anti-Catholic and had high taxes

what was the shimbara rebellion?

anti-foreign sentiments swept Japan and people rebelled. very rare

how did the shimbara rebellion start and continue?

it stated with the reaction of high local taxes, anti-Catholic policies. many Catholic converts rebelled against shogunate

what happens after the Shimbara rebellion?

gave edicts that *for bade any foreign activity, **Shakoku***

what is Sakoku?

all foreign contact came through diplomatic relations directly with Edo gov, *Japan was largely deprived or slowed* to technological devs. and innovations.

what happened to the Samurai under the Tokugawa Shogunate?

traditional samurai wasn’t respected as much. became a social class instead of “wariors”

what is a shogun?

a military guy

who was Tokugawa Ieysay?

military and political leader who conquered and unified Japan following the Sengoku Period

what was the Sungoku Period?

period of constant civil warring, after that Tokugawa unified Japan

what was the Tokugawa Shogunate?

shogun ruled from Edo (now Tokyo), which maintains ceremonial relationship with Japanese emperor

during this period of unification of Japan with shogun, what was the type of governmental system?

centralized feudal kingdom. administered by shogun, noble daimyo class ruled over districts (HAN)

what was the responsibilities of the shogunate?

responsible for foreign relations, national security, coinage, standardization of coinage, transportation

what is a han

noble diamyo class, “good hostages”, ruled over districts. the han had to stay loyal to Shogunate. made own independent bureaucracies to govern, administer, and tax.

what period was under the Tokugawa Shogunate?

Edo Period. prosperous time altho cut off from rest of the world.

how does Europe relate to east Asia and colonization?

Europeans tried to conquer East Asia, but failed. instead they traded with *imperial China and Japan*

how does the Catholic church with Spain and Portugal relate to East Asia?

missionaries evangized in China, Japan, and Philippines.

what was the view of westerners from the Chinese and Japanese?

some would oppose presence of western peoples, religion, and ideals. they were unclean and too individualistic

what type of Europeans were tolerable with China and Japan?

the dutch. they just wanted to trade not rally convert

what’s the context between Spain & Portugal in the age of exploration?

they were rivals. Portugal started, further had disagreement of land, let Pope decide: made line

what did the decision of the Pope do to Spain and Portugal?

Portugal had access east of line (Brazil, Africa, OLD WORLD). Spain had access West in Americas (New World).

what was the decision of the Pope with the divide of Spain and Portugal called? what was the effect?

Treaty of Tordesalles. treaty allowed empires free exploration

post empires were part of which economy ?

Portugal with Africa

what as the cartaz ?

a trade agreement/certificate of non-Portuguese traders to trade with Portugal. increased economy

how did Portugal boast their economy (not cortaz)?

slavery (with Africa)

what did Spain focus on?

conquest, exploration, “gold”

what was New Spain?

the name that Spaniards gave to the land they conquered

what system did the Spaniards develop ?

new type of feudalism (encomienda)

what was the encomienda system?

Chrsitianizing them, forcing them to do labor

what was the racial caste system ?

solid hierarchy that advantage to Peninsulares (Spaniards from Spain). less was Criollos

what did the English & Dutch do to find money?

created charter companies that acted as *company armies* to protect their own company

what are some examples of “company armies” that the English & Dutch had?

Virginia company and Dutch East India

what was the impact of these charter company armies?

created the concept of a corporate, mother country had economy & acess to old/new world

what’s the colombian exchange?

exchange of the new world and the old world

what did the new world gave in the colombian exchange?

tabacco, caocao, potato, tomatoes, pumpkin

what did the old world give to new world?

rice, coffee, wheat, livestock

what diseases did the new world give to the old world?

shpyllis

what diseases did the old world give the new worls?

measles, small pox, influenza

Triangular trade

atlantic system

why did the mercantile system start?

Europeans believed that there was a “fixed-wealth” or a certain amount of wealth in the world, and the goal is to control most of it. not *everyone* can be successful.

what was mercantilism?

**maximalizing exports, minimizing imports** in hopes of enhancing national power at the expense ot rival countries

what does mercantilism promote?

colonialism and aristocracy (the wealthy getting wealthier)

what was in mercantilism that helped its goal?

tarrifs - putting money on imported (foreign) goods

what’s the ONLY way to implement the mercantile system? what’s the saying about it ?

*tarrifs are economic warfare*

who was helped with mercantilism?

Europeans because they were mainly making goods

what were the 2 methods to further push mercantalism and gain more money?

sell more to them (exports) than buying from them AND use of pirates or military forces to steal or interrupts trade of rivals while protecting their own

what is colonialism?

occupation, settlement, and economic exploitation of its land and peoples

what made the Spanish very rich but poorly managed it? where specifically was this at? what happened?

they found soooo much silver. Peru, mexico, nevada

what did the Spanish do that waste their silver?

they started a bunch of wars between the English and the French. they also gave sm money to Catholics to fight Muslims. etcetc

what was the effect of the Spanish silver trade?

because they didn’t manage it right (thru funding wars and bad taxes), silver inflation would lead to their decline

what happened after the Spanish silver trade and their colonies?

lot of nations declared independence since Spain was trash.

what currency change in ming china made them economically decline?

from rice to only silver-only tax policy

what were the effects of the silver-only tax policy? explain this policy.

China didn’t have silver, so they had to trade with the Europeans. the Chinese peasants then made things for Europeans than themselves (to get more silver), causing economy and population to decrease dramatically.

what is the context of monochial centaliztion?

europeans wanted to be richer, so the govt became more focused on organized tax collection and bureaucracy

who were the rulers of the time and what did they do?

Philip II in Spain and Louis XIV in France. used money and power to control the nobles

what did Phillip II do with the nobles?

gave nobles party (women, gambling, etc.) and promoted idleness. this let him control their land and areas of authority.

what did Louis XIV do with nobles?

nobles were incorporate into the central bureaucracy and military to help maintain central government

what was the divine right of kings?

king was a vessel through which God ruled

how did the nobles react to the divine right of kings?

they opposed increased monarchichal control, led to opposition and rebellion

how did Louis XIV abuse his power as king?

he buillt castles and monuments and sued state resources to build Versailles Palace

what did effective monarchs do?

incorporated nobility to bureaucracy and military, kept their local authority

who were the gentry class?

class of wealthy people but not nobles (of power)

how was the gentry class emerge?

the mercantilist system

where did it start?

england and the netherlands

how was the death of feudalism impacts the emergence of the gentry class?

rather than offer up their excess grains as payment to lords, they sell it at marketplace (then goes to capitalism)

what is commercialization?

selling agriculture for profit. led to economic growth in European society

what did the gentry class did to stay wealthy?

closed off their land (*enclosure)* and the removal of traditional peasantry who had Common Land Rights

what was the ottoman empire?

Turkish, Islamic sultanate that featured gunpowder weapons and feudal agricultural society

what region did the ottoman’s invaded that made them the first Islamic invaders of Christian Europe?

the Balkans in southern Europe.

when did the ottomans captured Constantinople and ending the Byzantine empire?

1453

why was the Ottoman empire fell?

World War I. sided with the centrals (Germany, Austria, etc.). bad idea, fell