McGrawhill: World History and Geography - Ch1-4

Theory

hypothesis or unproved assumption

Archaeology

the study of past societies through an analysis of the items people left behind.

Anthropology

the study of human life and culture based on artifacts and human fossils.

hominid

humans and other humanlike creatures that walk upright.

homo sapiens sapiens

"wise, wise humans" a species that appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago; they were the first automatically modern humans.

"out-of-africa" theory

also called the replacement theory; this theory refers to when Homo sapiens sapiens began spreading out of Africa to other parts of the world about 100,000 years ago and replacing populations of earlier hominids in Europe and Asia.

Survive

to remain alive or in existence.

What are the key features of the Paleolithic period?

The ability to make tools, humans relied on hunting and gathering.

Differentiate the different hominids

Hominid is a human-like creature that walked upright. Homo habilis means handy human used stone tools. Homo erectus means upright human had arms and legs.

What is the Neolithic Age?

Means new stone, and is a time when the neolitic revolution happened, which was when a shift from hunting nd gathering food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis (system agriulture)

What is Anthropology?

The study of human life and culture.

What is archaeology?

The study of past societies through analysis of what people left behind.

What are the different characteristics of a civilization?

The six characteristics are cites, government, religion, social structure, writing, and art.

What are the characteristics of early agriculture?

The paleolithic people had to follow animal migrations and vegetation cycles.

Mesopotamia: geography, cuneiform, society, religion

Mesopotamia is located in the fertile cresent, for the people of mesopotamia they believed that the spirtial beings (gods and goddess) permeated all aspects of the universe. Their religion was polytheistic because they believed

Revolution

a sudden, complete change.

Systematic agriculture

The keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis.

Artisan

a skilled worker who makes products such as weapons and jewelry.

Role

a socially expected behavior pattern.

Culture

The way of life a person follows.

Civilization

a complex culture in which larger numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art.

Confluence

a place where two rivers or streams join to become one.

Priest

In early urban civilizations, an important and powerful person who supervised rituals aimed at pleasing gods and goddesses.

Egyptian: religion, calendar, society, 3 major periods, pharaohs

For the egyptions religious ideas represented an inseparable part of the entire world order. They were polythesistic. They beleived in sun gods and land gods. One of the Egyption rulers took the name "son of Re" which ones the name of a sun god.

Phoenicians: alphabet

The Phoenicians spoke a Semitic language, they simplified their writing by using 22 different signs to represent the sounds of their speech. The alphabet that they created was eventually passed down to the greeks, from the greeks came the Roman alphabet we still use today.

Indus: monsoon and ruler

Indias primary feature of climate is monsoons they would get winds from June to september. Throughout history indian farmers depended on the heavy rains, if it rained at the wrong time crops would die and thousands would starve. Harappa rulers based their power on a belief in divine assistance.

China: writing, basic and social unit, mandate of heaven

The chinese used a simple script its form was pictographic and ideographic. Their social life began to change when the Zhou continued the pattern of land ownership that existed under the Shang. The Mandate of Heaven was closely tied to the pattern of dynastics cycles. When a dynasty would gain powere and rule then eventually lose their power.

City-state

a state with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside.

Polytheistic

believing in many gods.

Ziggurat

a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city.

Theocracy

a government established by divine authority.

Transport

the moving of goods or people.

Invention

a new idea, method, or device.

Cuneiform

a system of writing developed by the Sumerians using a reed stylus to create a wedge-shaped impression on a clay tablet.

Who is King Hammurabi? What is the Code of Hammurabi?

King Hammurabi was a king from babylon, which was a city state south of Akkad. The code of Hammurabi was a set of strict laws that the people had to follow or they would get severely punished. ( eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth)

Who is Hatshepsut?

A eygption queen who became a pharoh, she was the regent for her stepson Thutmosis III but claimed the throne her self.

Who is Ramses II?

A ruler who reigned from 1279 b.c. to 1213 b.c., he regained control over Canaan but wasn't able to keep his borders up which caused an attack from the "sea People".

Who is Darius?

Darius the Great (550-486 B.C.) is a Persian King who was well known for being an excellent leader and letting those he conquered continue to live in peace. (ruled 521 B.C. - 486 B.C.)

What were the key characteristics of the Persian empire?

The Persian empire was one of the first empires to practice religious and cultural tolerance. They were also known for peaceful trading and economic prosperity.

Who is Cyrus the Great?

Cyrus the Great is a Persian ruler who had a reputation for his mercy and respect for the civilizations he conquered. (ruled 599 B.C. - 530 B.C.)

Major

great; significant in size or importance.

Dynasty

a family or ruler whose right to rule is passed on within the family.

Pharaoh

the most common of the various titles for ancient Egyptian monarchs; the term originally meant "great house" or "palace".

Bureaucracy

an administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures.

Physical

related to the body.

Hieroglyphics

"priest-carvings" or "sacred writings"; a complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by ancient Egyptians and Maya.

Hieratic Script

simplified version of hieroglyphics used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life.

Domesticated

adapted to life with and to the advantage of humans.

Pastoral nomad

a person who domesticates animals for food, clothing, and moves along regular migratory routes to provide a study source of nourishment for those animals.

Created

made or brought something new into existence.

Technology

a manner of accomplishing a task using technical processes or knowledge.

monotheistic

believing in one God.

Primary

most important

Monsoon

a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia that blows warm, moist air from the southwest during the summer, bringing heavy rains, and cold dry air from the northeast during the winter.

Sanskrit

the first writing system of the Aryans, developed around 1000 B.C.

Reveal

show; to make known

Aristocracy

an upper class whose wealth is based on land and whose power is passed on from one generation to another.

Communicate

to make known or share information about.

Dao

"way," the correct or divine way.

Cycle

a series of events that recur regularly and usually lead back to the starting point.

Filial piety

the duty of family memoirs to subordinate (lower in rank or position.) their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family.

Obsidian

a dark natural glass stone formed by lava.

Ritual

a ceremony or a rite.

Series

a group of elated things or events

Estimate

to make a guess

Successor

one who follows, especially one who succeeds to a throne or an office.

Method

a systematic plan for doing something.

Empire

a large political unit or state, usually under a single leader, that controls many peoples or territories.

Patriarchal

dominated by men.

Chariot

a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle cart, also used in processions (a number of people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly fashion) and races.

Visible

capable of being seen

Assume

to take up or in; to take control of.

Expedition

a journey taken for a specific purpose.

Remarkable

Worthy or likely to be noticed; being uncommon or extraordinary.

Sought

made an attempt; tried.

Satrapy

One of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire.

Satrap

"Protector of the Kingdom". The governor of a province (Satrapy) of the Persian Empire under Darius.

Sustained

supported or held up

Monarchy

government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen.

Who is Xerxes?

Xerxes the Great (519-465 B.C.) is a Persian King who was the successor of Darius I. He had gone to war with the Greeks to avenge Darius but he had been defeated.

Who is Darius?

Darius the Great (550-486 B.C.) is a Persian King who was well known for being an excellent leader and letting those he conquered continue to live in peace.

Who is Aristotle?

(394-322 B.C.) He was an ancient Greek philosopher (student of Plato) and polymath who wrote about a wide range of subjects. He mainly wrote about function, classification, and hierarchy.

Who is Socrates?

Socrates (469-399 B.C.) was an ancient Greek Philosopher from Athens who is thought be the founder/father or Western philosophy, making many works about morals and ethics.

Who is Homer?

Homer was an influential Greek poet known for writing the Iliad and the Odyssey which were two of the first great epic poems of early Greece.

Who is Herodotus?

Herodotus was a Greek historian and geographer who first collected and systematically documented events which later got compiled into a single work called The Histories. This earned him the name "father of history".

Who is Pericles?

Pericles was a Greek politician who created a direct democracy in Athens and made it possible for low-class men to have a say in public affairs.

Who is Cleisthenes?

Cleisthenes was an Athenian political leader who is largely credited in refroming the constitution of ancient Athens and embracing democracy.

What is the Delian League?

The Delian League (founded 478 BCE) was a military alliance against any enemies that might threaten Ionian Greeks. The purpose of the Delian League was to continue fighting the Persian Empire at the end of the 2nd Persian invasion of Greece.

What is the Peloponnesian League?

The Peloponnesian League was a military coalition of Greek city-states led by Sparta, which had war, peace, and alliances voted in federal congress.

What is a Tyrant?

A tyrant is a newly rich ruler who seized power by force from aristocrats. Tyrants were often known for helping the newly rich and peasants rather than the aristocrats. They also hired military to remain in control and in power.

What is a Polis?

A polis is an early Greek city-state, consisting of a city or town and its surrounding countryside.

What is the Battle of Marathon?

The Battle of Marathon is the first time the Greeks had beaten the Persians, proving that the Persians weren't invincible.

What is an Oligarchy?

An Oligarchy is a government in which is ruled by few or a small group often of which are usually wealthy, religious, and/or influential.

Geographic characteristics of Greece?

Greece is a mountainous region located on a peninsula which has many islands near it.

Causes of Peloponnesian war and Persian war?

The cause of the Peloponnesian war is differences in views between city-states. The cause of the Persian Wars was the Ionian Revolt. The Ionian Revolt consists of Greeks in Persian-controlled territory.

Greek art, drama, sculpture

The main characteristics of ancient Greek sculpture are proportion, poise, and the idealized perfection of the human body. The Greeks used drama to investigate the world and what it means to be human. Greek art, similar to Greek sculpture portrays the idealized human figure with as much realism as possible.

Importance of Greek colonies

The Greek colonies were important because it expanded trade routes and the culture throughout Greece, they also contributed to philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.G

Isolate

to set apart from others.

Debated

discussed by considering opposing viewpoints.

Epic Poem

a long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the iliad and the Odyssey of homer.